Analysis of Lady in Black by Francis Cadell Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Lady in Black by Francis Cadell Essay Francis Campbell Boileau Cadell, associated with the Scottish colourists was born in Edinburgh in 1883 and by the age of 16 was studying at the Academie Julian in Paris. During his career he was very much influenced by the Fauvists such as Matisse and on his return to Scotland exhibited much of his own work in Edinburgh Glasgow and London. He died in poverty at the age of 54 after the economic climate made it difficult for him to sell any of his work. He painted landscapes (mainly those of Lona which were a favourite of his), interiors, still life and figures in oil and watercolour but is known most for his portraits of glamorous women. One such portrait, completed in 1921, is ‘Lady in Black’ painted in oil. The painting has a rather macabre mood as the woman within the picture has a reflective expression on her face as if longing for the past. There is a mirror behind her, which may also add to the idea of reflection. She is dressed in black, which adds to the morbid mood as it could indicate she is mourning the death of a loved one. Her body language also expresses sadness as her posture is quite slumped, and the small flowers seen behind her could have been meant for a grave. The shadow over her eyes caused by her large hat makes them look undefined and blurry, giving them a sad, depressed look. The painting itself is also very dark as there is very little light and the colours used are very dull and grey, adding to the dreary mood. The media is used very loosely, in an almost impressionistic manner, which may have sprung from Cadell being exposed to the work of the Impressionists who were active in Paris at the time he was being educated there. He uses strokes of bold colour such as the woman’s lips, the flowers in the background and the pink furniture reflected in the mirror. These strong reds and pinks could symbolise love or passion, which adds emphasis to the woman’s lost love. This piece was more or less typical of the Scottish Colourist movement, but also contains undertones of impressionism as not much line is used; instead different colours are layered on top of each other, as the impressionists were known to do. It is a very realistic piece with a well-expressed dreary, nostalgic mood.

Decision-Making Model Analysis Essay -- Decisions Psychology Decide Es

Decision-Making Model Analysis Decisions! Decisions! Decisions! How do you make decisions? Have you ever asked yourself, â€Å"How did I make that decision?† Whether big or small, important or not so important, decision making is a process. Some people way the pros and cons while others may just flip a coin. Are decisions based on feelings, outcomes or information? Often times if we just go with our gut feeling will be miss out on important information that should be included in our decision. Decision-making can be a cognitive process of selecting a course of action form various options. Some of us are logical. Some of us are risk taking. Either way such characteristics play a role in our decisions. In my experience decision-making can also be based on biases, past experiences, peer pressure, needs and even wants. Recently, I had to make a decision about a new job opportunity. My employer offered me the opportunity to move into a new job with new tasks and responsibilities. I had to consider the position, the responsibilities, the salary and all the alternatives. The opportunity offered a pay increase. It was a tough decision. Now, while I didn’t realize it I actually used a decision-making model to decide upon my best option. Rick Roberts, Director of Career Services at University of North Florida designed a 7-Step Career Decision-Making Model. Roberts believes information is power in decision-making. He states, the more information you have the easier the decision....

Chopper Fed Dc Motor

INTRODUCTION During the nineteenth century, when power supply was dc, dc motors were used extensively to draw power direct from the dc source. The motor speed could be varied by adjusting field current by a rheostat. That was an open loop control. Most of the drives were constant speed and the characteristics could not be matched with a job requirement. A vast development in the dc drives system took place when the ward Leonard Control System was introduced in the 1980s. The system was motor-generator system to deliver power to the drive motor. The supply power available was still dc and dc motor was used to drive the dc generator set at a more or less constant speed. Afterwards when the ac power system came into existence and became popular, ac motors were developed and became attractive owing to their constructional simplicity, ruggedness and lower initial as well as maintenance cost. Machine requiring variable speed drives use the ward Leonard System employing ac motors driving dc motors at a constant speed. In the 1950s electronic came into existence and brought about remarkable improvement in the speed control system. The open- loop manual control system was replaced by close loop feedback control, which resulted in improved response and better accuracy. Initially, gas diodes and ignitrons were developed and ac to dc converters were used to control dc motors. The advent of thyristors capable of handling large current has revolutionized the field of electric power control. Thyratrons, ignitrons, mercury arc rectifiers, magnetic amplifiers and motor generator sets have all been replaced by solid state circuits employing semi-conductor diodes and thyristors. Thyristor controlled drives employing both ac and dc motors find wide applications in industry as variable speed drives. In the 1960s ac power was converted into dc power for direct control of drive motors with solid state devices (high power silicon diodes and silicon controlled rectifiers). Initially saturable reactors were employed in conjunction with power silicon rectifiers for dc drives. Of late solid state circuits using semi- conductor diodes and thyristors are becoming popular for controlling the speed of ac and dc otors and are progressively replacing the traditional electric power control circuit based on thyratrons, ignitrons, mercury arc rectifiers, magnetic amplifiers, motor-generator sets, etc as compared to the electric and electro-mechanical systems of speed control. The electronic system has higher accuracy, greater reliability, and quick response and also has higher efficiency as there is no I2R losses and moving parts. Moreover four-quadrant speed control is possi ble to meet precise high standards. All electronic circuits control the speed of the motor by controlling either, ? The voltage applied to the motor armature or ? The field current or ? Both of the above DC motors can be run from dc supply if available or from ac supply, after it has been converted to dc supply with the help of rectifiers which can be either half wave or full wave and either controlled ( by varying the conduction angle of the thyristors used) or uncontrolled. AC motors can be run on the ac supply or from dc supply, after it has been converted into ac supply with the help of inverters (opposite of rectifiers). As stated above, the average output voltage of a thyristors controlled rectifiers by changing its conduction angle and hence the armature voltage can be adjusted to control its speed. When run on a dc supply, the armature dc voltage can be changed with the help of uncontrolled rectifiers (using only diodes and not thyristors). The dc voltages so obtained can be then chopped with the help of a thyristors chopper circuit. In this method of speed control of a dc motor, available ac supply is first rectified into dc supply using uncontrolled rectifiers. The supply is then filtered and smooth ended dc output is supplied to the thyristors chopper. It allows dc to flow through for the time Ton and then disconnects for the time Toff. This cycle is repeated. During supply-on period (i. e. for the time period Ton) the dc motor gets supply and accelerates. During the supply off period Toff (i. e. for the time period Toff) there is no supply to the motor and the motor decelerates till the next on cycle begins. If the cycles repeated continuously at a definite frequency and the elements of the cycle are maintained in a fixed relationship, the motor will then operate at a constant voltage across the motor will be, V0 = (V*Ton)/(Ton +Toff) = (V*Ton)/T = f*V*Ton The dc voltage across the motor can be control by varying the Time Ratio Control (TRC) which may be accomplished by, ? Varying the duration of the on-time, Ton keeping the total time period, T or frequency, f constant ? Keeping the on- time, Ton constant and varying the frequency, f. ? Varying both. The Variable dc voltage below the supply dc voltage is made available to the dc motor and therefore, the motor speed available is below base speed. For automatic control of speed, both current feedback and speed feedback is used. BRIEF DISCUSSION ON CHOPPER A dc chopper is a static device used to obtain variable dc voltage from a source of constant dc voltage. The dc chopper offers great efficiency, faster response, smooth control, lower maintenance, small size, etc. Solid state chopper due to various advantages are widely used in the battery operated vehicles, traction motor control, control of a large number of dc motors from a common dc bus with a considerable improvement of power factor. PRINCIPLE OF CHOPPER OPERATION: A chopper is a thyristors on/ off switch that connects load to and disconnects it from the supply and produces a chopped load voltage from a constant input voltage. The chopper is represented by a thyristors (SCR). It is triggered periodically and is kept conducting for a period Ton and is blocked for a period Toff. During the period Ton, when the chopper is on, the supply terminals is connected to the load terminals. And during the interval Toff when the chopper is off, load current flows from the freewheeling diode Df. So, the load terminals are short circuited by Df and load voltage is therefore zero during Toff. Hence the chopper dc voltage is produced at the load terminals. Now, the average load voltage, Eo is given by Eo = Edc*? [? =Duty Cycle=(Ton/Toff)] Or, Eo = Edc*(Ton/T) [T=Ton + Toff] So the voltage can be varied by varying the duty cycle, ? of the chopper. CLASSIFICATION OF CHOPPER: Power semiconductor devices are used in chopper circuits are uni-directional device. A chopper can however operate in any of the four quadrants by an appropriate arrangement of semiconductor devices. These characteristics of their operation in any of the four quadrants form the basis of their classification as, 1. Type-A or First Quadrant Chopper 2. Type-B or Second Quadrant Chopper. 3. Type-C or Two Quadrant Type-A Chopper 4. Type-D or Two Quadrant or Type-B Chopper 5. Type-E or Four Quadrant Chopper. PERFORMANCE EQUATION OF DC MOTORS The equivalent circuit and on its basis the performance equation of a separately-excited dc Motor and series dc motor are presented below. ? Separately-excited dc motor: The equivalent circuit of a separately-excited dc motor coupled with a load under steady state condition is shown in the fig 4. 1. The load torque, TL opposes the electro-magnetic torque, Te. For the field circuit, Vf = If*rf For the armature circuit, Vt = Ia + Ia*ra Motor back emf or armature emf, Ea=Ka ? Ia=Km? m ————– (4. 1) Te=ka ? Ia = KmIa Also, Te = D wm + TL where, rf=Field circuit resistance in ohm, Ia=Armature current in A, Vt=Motor terminal voltage in V, ra=Armature circuit resistance in ohm, Km=Ka ?=Torque constant in Nm/A*emf constant in V-sec/rad, m=Angular speed of motor in rad/sec, D=Viscous friction constant in Nm-sec/rad. Electromagnetic power, P=wmTe watts From equation (1), Ea=Kmwm=Vt-Iara Or wm= (Vt – Iara)/Km= (Vt – Iara)/Ka ? ——————– (4. 1) So it is seen from equation (4. 2) that speed can be controlled by varying, ? Armature terminal voltage, Vt : This method is k nown as Armature-voltage control. Speed below base speed is obtained by this method. ? Field flux, ? : This method is known as Field flux control. Speed above base speed is obtained by this method. ? DC Series Motor: In a dc series motor, field winding is in series with the armature circuit. It is designed to carry the rated armature current. The fig. shows the equivalent circuit of a dc series motor driving load with load torque, TL. For the armature circuit, Vt = Ea + Ia ( ra+ rs ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (4. 3) Te = Ka ? Ia For no saturation in the magnetic circuit, ? = CIa Hence, Te = KaCIa2 = KIa2 Also, Ea = Ka ? wm = KaCIawm = KIawm From eqn (4. 3), Vt = KIawm + Ia (ra + rs) = Ia [ Kwm + (ra + rs)] Or, speed wm = (Vt/ KIa) – (ra +rs)/K †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (4. 4) where, rs = Series field resistance in ohm, K = KaC = constant in Nm/A2 or in V-sec/ A- rad. CLOSED LOOP CONTROL OF CHOPPER FED DC MOTOR For practical purposes motors are required to operate at desired speed with low losses to meet the desired load –torque characteristics which depends on the armature current. Suppose a motor is operating at a particular speed an suddenly a load is applied, the speed falls and the motors takes time to come up to the desired speed . but a speed feed back with an inner current loop provides faster response to any disturbance in speed command ,load torque and supply voltage. Another reason for the requirement of feedback loop in dc drives is that, the armature of a large motor represents very small impedance which when supplied with nominal voltage would result in an excessive current of up to 10 times the nominal value. Under normal conditions, this is prevented by the induced armature voltage, E which cancels most of the applied voltage, Va so that only the difference is driving the armature current, Ia. But under transient conditions or steady state over load of the motor, there is always a danger of excessive currents due to sudden torque demand and rapidly changing armature voltage or speed . t is therefore important to provide a fast current or torque limit to protect the motor, the power supply and the load. This is best realized by feedback control establishing an effective safe guard against electrical and mechanical stresses. In it the output of the speed controller, Ec is applied to the current limiter which sets the reference current, Ia (ref erence) for the current loop. the armature current is sensed by a current sensor, after being filtered by an active filter to remove ripples which is then compared with the reference current, Ia (ref. the error current is processed through a current controller whose output, Vc adjusts the firing angle of the chopper and brings the motor speed to the desired value. Any positive speed error caused by an increased in either speed command or load torque demand can produce a high reference current, Ia (ref) the motor accelerates to correct the speed error and finally settles down at any reference current, Ia(ref) which makes the motor torque equal to the load torque resultant in a speed error closed to zero. For any large positive speed error, current limiter saturates and limits the reference currents, Ia (ref) to a maximum value, Ia (max) the speed error is then corrected at the maximum permissible armature current ,Ia(max)until the speed error becomes small and the current limiters comes out of the saturation . normally ,the speed error is corrected with the Ia less than the maximum permissible armature current, Ia max. For speeds below the base speeds, the field error, Ef is large and the field controller saturates thereby applying the maximum ield voltage and current. The speed control from zero to base speed is normally done at the maximum field by armature voltage control. When the speed is closed to the base speed, Va is almost near the rated value and field controller comes out of saturation. The speed control above base speed is generally done by field weakening at the rated armature voltage. In the field control loop, the back emf Eb is compared with a reference voltage , Eb ( ref) the value of which is generally between 0. 85 to 0. 95 of the rated armature voltage. For a speed command above the base speed, the speed error causes a higher value of Va then motor accelerates, back emf , Eb increases and field error, Ef decreases. The field current when decreases and the motor speed continue to increase until it reaches the desired speed. In this mode of operation, the drive responds slowly due to large field time constant. A full converter is generally used in the field because it has the ability to reverse the voltage thereby reducing the field current much faster as compared to the semi converter. MODELING AND OBSERVATIONS ? Modeling using Matlab: ? DC Motor with Load Parameter given: Voltage = 220v Current = 6. 2A Ra = 4 ohm La = 0. 072H Speed = 1470 rpm J = 0. 0607 kg-m2 Kb= 1. 26v/rad/sec Bt =0. 0869N-m/rad/sec Parameters calculated: Ta=La/Ra= 0. 02sec Tm=j/Bt =0. 7sec K1 = Bt/[KB2 + Ra Bt] =0. 0449 -1/T1 – 1/T2 =-1/2[Bt/J +Ra/La] + sqre[1/4(Bi/J + Ra/La)2-{(Kb2 + Ra Bt ) /JLa}] T1 = 0. 1077sec T2 = 0. 0208sec Tm = J/Bt = 0. 7sec DC MotorTransfer function: I(s)/V(s) =[k1(1+sTm)]/ [(1+sT1)(1+sT2)]= [0. 032s+0. 045]/[0. 002s2+0. 4s+1] wm(s)/I(s)= Kb/Bt(1+sTm) =14. 5/(1+0. 75) Converter Transfer function Kr =1. 35V/Vcm =1. 35*230/10 =31. 05V/v Tr = 1/12*Fs = 1/12*50 =0. 00166sec T. F = kr/(1+sTr) =31. 05/(1+0. 00166s) Design of Current Controller Tc=T2=0. 0208sec K = T1/2Tr = 0. 1077/2*0. 00166 = 32. 43 Kc = KTc/k1HCKrTm =32. 43 *0. 0208/0. 0449*1*31. 05*0. 7 =0. 69 Transfer function Gc(s) = Kc(1+sTc)/sTc = 0. 69(1+0. 0208s)/0. 0208s = 0. 69 + 0. 0143s/0. 0208s Current Loop I(s)/I*(s) = Ki/(1+sTi) Ti = T3/1+ kfi Ki = kfi/Hc(1+ kfi) Kfi = KcKrKiTmHc/Tc Kfi = 0. 9*31. 05*0. 0449*0. 7*1/0. 0208 Kfi = 32. 44 Ki = Kfi/HC(1+ Kfi) Kfi = 32. 44/1*(1+32. 44) Kfi = 0. 97 Ti = T3/(1+ Kfi) = T1+Tr/(1+ Kfi) = 0. 1077+0. 00166/1+32. 44 = 0. 0032sec Speed controller Design T4 = Ti + Tw K2 = Ki Kb Hw /Bt Tm K2 = 0. 97*1. 26*1/0. 0869*0. 7 K2 = 20. 092 KS = 1/(2 Kt T4) KS = 1/2*20. 092*0. 0032 KS = 7. 77 Ts = 4T4 =4*0. 0032 Ts = 0. 0128 Transfer function T. F = KS (1+sTS)/sTS = 7. 77(1+0. 0128s)/0. 0128s = (7. 77 + 0. 0994)/0. 0128s ? Modeling using PSIM: Parameters Given: Source (Vdc) = 800V Transistor (npn): Saturation Voltage = 0 Initial Position = 0 Current Flag = 1 Gating Block (G): Frequency = 50Hz Number of Points = 2 Switching Points = [0 180] Diode (D): Diode Voltage Drop = 0 Initial Position = 0 Current Flag = 0 Inductor (L): Inductance = 0. 01 Initial Current = 0A Current Flag = 0 Capacitor (C): Capacitance = 0. 00005F Initial Capacitive Voltage = 0V Current Flag = 0 DC MOTOR (DCM): Ra = 0. 055 ohm La = 0. 01H Rf = 55 ohm Lf = 0. 02H MI = 0. 2 Vt = 440V Ia = 80A If = 4A n = 1500rpm Torque Flag = 0 Master/Slave Flag = 1 Field Source = 400V Speed Sensor (Ws): Gain = 1 Simulation Control: Time Step = 1e-005 Total Time = 0. 02 Print Time = 0 Print Step = 1 Load Flag = 0 Slave Flag = 0 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS DC drives are highly versatile energy conversion devices. It can meet the demand of loads requiring high starting, accelerating and decelerating torques. At the same time dc drives are easily adaptable for wide range of speed control and quick reversal. So, in industrial application where accurate control of speed and / or torque is required chopper controlled dc drives are unrivalled. Therefore, chopper controlled dc motors are universally employed in steel and aluminum mills, power shovels, electric elevators, railway locomotives and large earth moving equipments. Uses o Various Chopper Controlled DC drives with reasons: | | | | |Types of DC drives |Applications |Advantages | | | |Accurate speed control can be done. |Separately Excited dc drives |Used in paper mills, steel rolling |Variation of speed from very high to low value can be| | |mills, diesel-electric propulsion of |done | | |ships, etc. | | | | |Starting torque is very high upto 500%. | | |Maximum momentary operating torque is upto 400%. | | | |Speed regulation is widely variable. It is very high | |Series dc drive |Used in hoists, cranes, conveyors, |at no load. | | |trolley-cars, electric locomotives, |Speed control by series field. | | |etc. | | |Used in lathes, centrifugal pumps, |Starting torque is medium, usually limited to 250% by| |Constant speed dc shunt drive |reciprocating pumps, fans, blo wers, |a starting resistance but may be increased. | | |conveyors, spinning and weaving |Maximum momentary operating torque is usually limited| | |machines, etc. to about 200% by commutation. | | | |Speed regulation is about 5-10 %. | | | |Speed increases about 200% by field control and | | | |decreases by armature voltage control. | | |Starting torque is medium, usually limited to 250% by| | | |a starting resistance but may be increased. | | | |Maximum momentary operating torque is usually limited| |Adjustable speed dc shunt drives |Used for application requiring |to about 200% by commutation. | |adjustable speed control, either | | | |constant torque or constant output. | | SCOPE OF MODIFICATIONS Chopper controlled dc drives are widely used in hoists, cranes, elevators, shears, crushers, conveyor, blending mills, punch presses, air compressors, ice making machines, tractions, etc. So these drives should be modified in the following ways to make them more efficient and accurate, 1. The chopper controlled dc motors should be made with large diameter armatures and large pole size of reduced height. 2. The yoke as well as the main and commutating poles should be well laminated to reduce the eddy current effect and to improve the commutation. 3. Large numbers of commutator bars should be used to reduce the voltage between the commutator segments and to improve the commutation. 4. The commutator should be made larger in order to provide extra insulation to withstand large and rapid voltage fluctuations. 5. Compensating windings should be used in large motors to reduce the armature reactions effects. 6. The current densities used for the armature and Interpol windings should be reduced as compared to the conventional dc motors of the same frame size and rating in order to reduce the effect of heating of armature and Interpol. 7. Low inertia armature should be employed for improving the response. 8. Split brushes of good commutating quality should be used for reducing the effect of transformer voltage in the coil undergoing commutations. 9. Better class of insulation should be used to allow higher temperature rise and dissipation of more losses from a given frame. 10. Now a days chopper controlled dc drives are widely used in the automobile industries. So, it should have high efficiency and accuracy, light weight, low maintenance cost. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Electric Drives – Ramakrishnan, Prentice Hall India. 2. Power Electronics – P. S. Bimbhra, Khanna Publishers. 3. Software: MATLAB 6. 5 and PSIM.

Biography on Augustus Emperor Of Rome

Some of you might know me by my birth name, Gaius Octavius Thurinus, or Augustus meaning â€Å"the revered one† the title I have earned and have been granted by the senate of Rome. I’m the first emperor of Rome, and of course many of you might also recognize me as the nephew of my great uncle Julius Caesar. I’ve been ruling Rome from 27 BC – 14AD. It almost feels as I have been supporting Rome since 63 BC the year I was born. Due to the fact that my father Gaius Octavius governor of Macedonia on 61 B.C died as I was growing up, at the age of four, because I had only my mother Atia Balba Caesonia. I was adopted and raised very closely by my uncle Gaius Julius Caesar or as many of you know him as the â€Å"Great Julius Caesar† who I admirably look up to and thanks to him I have learned and followed the Roman ruling system very well. I have followed Caesar throughout many battles and have succeeded many times. Because of many events I have been in I have been given many names such as Octavius following events from 63 – 44BC, Octavian following events from 44 – 27 BC, and finally Augustus following events after 27 BC. I have fought in about 222 battles and have won about 199 of them. My uncle has taught me very well considering he is a man of no pity known as the slayer of men’s. During my time in Spain around 45BC with the Great Caesar I have in honor fought in the battle of Munda, where I honorably shared and cherished one of my last battles with my uncle Julius Caesar. I do recognize that I’m what I am today because of the great dedication and enormous support I have received from him. My reign as emperor just started after meeting my uncle Julius Caesar who had asked me to be part of his military group. I was to meet with him in the northern part of Spain, but to my regret of sailing out in a bad winter month I got stuck behind with my shipped wrecked and worst of all stuck in enemy land of the Barbarians. Although many of my followers admired my bravery it wasn’t too smart to sail out in weather like that especially when I knew my ship could have suffered the consequence of being scraped down by rocks. After my training with Caesar we were to return to Rome and make my successful training a big part of Uncle Caesar’s army and also to have some time off to rest considering my uncle was suffering from illnesses such as epilepsy and dizziness. It was now the month of March in 44 BC and my uncle is expected to die any day. Although I knew I should stay with him I had to return to Illyricum to prepare for the Parthian campaign my uncle was running and had been planning for a long time. To my surprise my uncle was murdered on March 15, 44 B.C portrayed and assassinated by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longins, and many others who were against Julius Caesar. I was so frustrated, so mad and felt the urge to take revenge, but I knew I was also in danger of being next so I had to handle this in a very calm manner. I knew I had the potential to get back at them with no problem from all the experience and all the tactics I had learned throughout all my years of training with the one and only â€Å"Julius Caesar†. The assassination of my uncle changed my characters and my perception especially towards the people I had entrusted to protect me as well as all those I was attached to. It did not come to me as a surprise to find out that my uncle Caesar had named me as the rightful heir of the Roman Empire. This is because of the cordial relationship between my uncle and I when he was alive. Also, my uncle Caesar had not only trusted me in many matters but also had instilled in me various vital leadership skills (Baker 67). I could only honor his actions of delegating me as the emperor by popularizing his name, since he was dead already. I therefore decided to change my name to his; I changed my name to Julius Caesar Octavianus. With the murder of my uncle, I knew that Rome was a dangerous place. I knew that I had to be strong in my ruling. Therefore, it was crucial that I adopted various strategies that would help me rule with an iron fist. One of the strategies that I adopted was to make alliances with strong willed and experienced individuals in my empire. I hence formed an uneasy alliance with some of Julius Caesar’s soldiers in 44 B.C, Mark Anthony and the general Marcus Lepidus were the individuals that I deemed appropriate and worthy of forming an alliance with. The alliance was later referred to as the Second Triumvirate. We spent some good times with my fellow soldiers. The good times were comprised of activities of successfully conquering our common enemies. However, the alliance was not long lived. The problem arose when Marcus Lepidus and I realized that Mark Anthony was having a not only romantic but also political affair and alliance with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra. This relationship was clearly a lethal one in relation to our own alliance and just as we had expected it marked the end of the alliance. We therefore turned against Anthony and dissolved our coalition and alliance. Antony and Cleopatra combined forces and waged war on me. However, I was able to successfully defeat their combined forces in the naval battle of Actium in 31 BC. The positive consequence of this action is that I was clearly labeled as the absolute power in Rome. It is in the 27 BC that I decided to further add and change my names. After all, I was the absolute Roman Senate ever to live. I added the name and title Augustus. This name means majestic or divine. These were attributes I believed that I possessed not only then, but also right now as I write. One summer, I was able to leave Rome for a tour to Gaul and Spain. This journey helped to keep me away from Rome until 24 BC. This trip was as a result of careful thinking I had previously done regarding my positions and responsibilities in the Roman Empire. Therefore, I deemed this choice of action as wise and thoughtful of me. I still don’t regret anything today. It was crucial that I leave the public eye for some time while the new political settlements in Rome took effect and root. Agrippa and Maecenas, my close and trusted aides were responsible for supervising the overall political and administrative matter in Rome while I was away. The summer after I returned to Rome, the â€Å"Second Constitutional Settlement† was staged. Consequently, at around this time, a clear conspiracy was able to be unearthed. The two individuals involved, that is, Fannius Caepio and Varro Murena were brought to justice. The desirable and consequently ultimate punishment of execution was given to the two principals. While the main settlements of 23 and 27 B.C. rooted the basis of Augustus’s position, further refinements were necessary. Just as the settlement of 27 B.C., I decided to leave Rome for the East. This was in 22 BC (Everitt 137). Before I left, I was forced to refuse various offers of the perpetual consulship or dictatorship pressed on to me by the individuals, who appeared to have wholly missed the subtleties of the Second Settlement the year before. Over the coming years, I was able to receive, piecemeal, some considerable number of privileges and honors. In the previous year of 23 BC I was given the right to convene the senate whenever I deemed fit (ius primae relationis). In 22 BC, I was appointed to oversee the supply of grain in Rome. In 19 BC, I returned to Rome again from the East. Upon my return, I was further accorded censorial powers for a period of five years (Fagan 32). Further, when Lepidus finally died, in 12 BC, I became the chief priest (pntifex maximus). Further, in 2 BC, I was given the title of â€Å"Father of my Country† (Pater Patriae). This is the title that made me immensely proud of my achievements till then (Eck 24). This title placed me in a cordial relationship with the Roman state analogous to that of a paterfamilias over my overall charges. I was therefore supposed to be in complete control over everything in Rome. Further, there was my membership of all the colleges of priests, many symbolic privileges, and the matter of auctoritas. The intricate edifice deeply entrenched in me was at heart, a sham. I could term it as a successful sham as the larger majority of citizens were able to believe in it and me. Further, the fact that there was a political genius in me was not questionable. The slow and careful acquisition of overarching power and authority in almost all the areas of public life were activities aided by the fact that I was a political genius. At all the steps of the way, from the oath of 32 BC and the constitutional settlements through the honors and privileges conferred upon me piecemeal, I could present myself as the passive partner. It is interesting to note that at all times; it is the people of Rome and the senate that showered me with more power voluntarily. Unlike my uncle Caesar, I sought nothing for myself. Indeed, I often showed reluctance to accepting some of the powers, offices and honors accorded to me. My life as the most favored emperor of Rome was clearly satisfying. I knew that succession problems were due to come since most of the powers I had were as a result of the senate’s and the citizens’ decisions. I had a particular feeling that if one of my family members was not able to succeed me in the empire, I could die and leave Rome infested with civil war. In any case, I am proud that I lived a full life; one full of activities and sacrifices for my country that saw me climb the ladder of power with ease. I do hope that the future generations will be able to read my autobiography and that my name will be recognized through successive generations.

Biography of Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) was a Genoese navigator and explorer. In the late 15th century, Columbus believed that it would be possible to reach the lucrative markets of eastern Asia by heading west, instead of the traditional route which went east around Africa. He convinced Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain to support him, and he set off in August of 1492. The rest is history: Columbus discovered the Americas, which had been unknown until then. All in all, Columbus made four different journeys to the New World. Early Life Columbus was born to a middle-class family of weavers in Genoa (now part of Italy) which was a city well-known for explorers. He rarely spoke of his parents. It is believed that he was ashamed to have come from such a mundane background. He left a sister and a brother behind in Italy. His other brothers, Bartholomew and Diego, would accompany him on most of his travels. As a young man he traveled extensively, visiting Africa and the Mediterranean and learning how to sail and navigate. Appearance and Personal Habits Columbus was tall and lean, and had red hair which turned prematurely white. He had a fair complexion and a somewhat reddish face, with blue eyes and a hawkish nose. He spoke Spanish fluently but with an accent which was difficult for people to place. In his personal habits he was extremely religious and somewhat prudish. He rarely swore, attended mass regularly, and often devoted his Sundays entirely to prayer. Later in life, his religiosity would increase. He took to wearing the simple robe of a barefoot friar around court. He was a fervent millenarist, believing that the end of the world was near. Personal Life Columbus married a Portuguese woman, Felipa Moniz Perestrelo, in 1477. She came from a semi-noble family with useful maritime connections. She died giving birth to a son, Diego, in 1479 or 1480. In 1485, while in Cà ³rdoba, he met young Beatriz Enrà ­quez de Trasierra, and they lived together for a time. She bore him an illegitimate son, Fernando. Columbus made many friends during his travels and he corresponded with them frequently. His friends included dukes and other noblemen as well as powerful Italian merchants. These friendships would prove useful during his frequent hardships and bouts of bad luck. A Journey West Columbus may have conceived of the idea of sailing west to reach Asia as early as 1481 due to his correspondence with an Italian scholar, Paolo del Pozzo Toscaneli, who convinced him it was possible. In 1484, Columbus made a pitch to King Joà £o of Portugal, who turned him down. Columbus proceeded to Spain, where he first proposed such a trip in January of 1486. Ferdinand and Isabella were intrigued, but they were occupied with the reconquest of Granada. They told Columbus to wait. In 1492, Columbus had just about given up (in fact, he was on his way to see the King of France) when they decided to sponsor his trip. First Voyage Columbus’ first voyage began on August 3, 1492. He had been given three ships: the Nià ±a, the Pinta and the flagship Santa Maria. They headed west and on October 12, sailor Rodrigo de Triana spotted land. They first landed on an island Columbus named San Salvador: there is some debate today as to which Caribbean island it was. Columbus and his ships visited several other islands including Cuba and Hispaniola. On December 25, the Santa Maria ran aground and they were forced to abandon her. Thirty-nine men were left behind at the settlement of La Navidad. Columbus returned to Spain in March of 1493. Second Voyage Although in many ways the first voyage was a failure–Columbus lost his biggest ship and did not find the promised route west–the Spanish monarchs were intrigued with his discoveries. They financed a second voyage, whose purpose was to establish a permanent colony. 17 ships and over 1,000 men set sail in October, 1493. When they returned to La Navidad, they discovered that everyone had been killed by irate natives. They founded the city of Santo Domingo with Columbus in charge, but he was forced to return to Spain in March of 1496 to obtain supplies to keep the starving colony alive. Third Voyage Columbus returned to the New World in May of 1498. He sent half of his fleet to resupply Santo Domingo and set off to explore, eventually reaching the north-eastern part of South America. He returned to Hispaniola and resumed his duties as governor, but the people despised him. He and his brothers were bad administrators and kept much of the little wealth generated by the colony for themselves. When the crisis reached a peak, Columbus sent to Spain for help. The crown sent Francisco de Bobadilla as governor: he soon identified Columbus as the problem and sent him and his brothers back to Spain in chains in 1500. Fourth Voyage Already in his fifties, Columbus felt he had one more trip in him. He convinced the Spanish crown to finance one more journey of discovery. Although Columbus had proven a poor governor, there was no doubting his sailing and discovery skills. He left in May of 1502 and arrived to Hispaniola just ahead of a major hurricane. He sent a warning to the 28-ship fleet about to depart for Spain to delay but they ignored him, and 24 of the ships were lost. Columbus explored more of the Caribbean and part of Central America before his ships rotted. He spent a year on Jamaica before being rescued. He returned to Spain in 1504. Legacy of Christopher Columbus Columbus’ legacy can be difficult to sort out. For many years, he was thought to have been the man who â€Å"discovered† America. Modern historians believe that the first Europeans to the New World were Nordic and arrived several hundred years before Columbus to the northern shores of North America. Also, many Native Americans from Alaska to Chile dispute the notion that the Americas needed to be â€Å"discovered† in the first place, as the two continents were home to millions of people and countless cultures in 1492. Columbus’ accomplishments should be considered in conjunction with his failures. The â€Å"discovery† of America would certainly have taken place within 50 years of 1492 had Columbus not ventured west when he did. Advances in navigation and ship construction made contact between the hemispheres inevitable. Columbus’ motives were mostly monetary, with religion a close second. When he failed to find gold or a lucrative trade route, he began collecting slaves: he believed that a trans-Atlantic slave trade would be quite lucrative. Fortunately, the Spanish monarchs outlawed this, but still, many Native American groups correctly remember Columbus as the New World’s first slaver. Columbus’ ventures were often failures. He lost the Santa Marà ­a on his first voyage, his first colony was massacred, he was a terrible governor, he was arrested by his own colonists, and on his fourth and last voyage he managed to strand some 200 men on Jamaica for a year. Perhaps his greatest failure was his inability to see what was right before him: the New World. Columbus never accepted that he had not found Asia, even when the rest of Europe was convinced that the Americas were something previously unknown. Columbus’ legacy was once very bright–he was considered for sainthood at one time–but now he is remembered as much for the bad as the good. Many places still bear his name and Columbus Day is still celebrated, but he is once again a man and not a legend. Sources: Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present.. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962 Thomas, Hugh. Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan. New York: Random House, 2005.

Essay on Real Women Have Curves - 1048 Words

Adam Milkovich Professor David Finley English 101 20 April 2012 Women in Unfair Work Conditions: The Fight Over Independence or Family! The play Real Women Have Curves was written by Josefina Lopez, it depicted the hard ships of immigrant female workers and the power and strength of women working together as one. About a decade later a movie was made. However the movie Real Women Have Curves still shows the same struggles these women in the play face and also shows how strong women working together can be. The key differences from the movie and the play are that they depict two different stories and almost give off completely different messages, especially when the movie has†¦show more content†¦In the play the men are made out as bad guys and Ana is waiting to hear from NYU through financial aid. More so in the movie it is Ana’s mom who does not want her to go away to college and make a better life for her only because she want’s Ana to grow up how she grew up. Ana strives to be an independent woman who wants to find love. But her mom just wants her to find a husband to take care of her. Ana even goes as far as telling her mother â€Å"Why is a women’s virginity the only thing that matters? I have thoughts, feelings, and opinions.† (Real) her mother looks at her weird. On the other hand there is Ana’s teacher Mr. Guzman, who sees the benefits from sending Ana to college and leaver her dirty old neighborhood. Mr. Guzman helps Ana out by pulling some strings at Colombia University. He also tells her to apply for scholarships, but when she doesn’t he shows up at her house. When she did get into Colombia University the first person to tell her was Mr. Guzman. Ana’s mother does not support Ana leaving for college and leaving the family. Even on the day does leave, her mom doesn’t even say goodbye to her own daughter. Another difference in the movie from the play is the obvious different points of view. 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The resistance of these gender norms is not a challenge to others but away to voice the opinion that I am my own person and not somebody else. Anna from the film ‘Real Women have Curves† and Mari from the film â€Å"Mosquita y Mari† have a strong dislike for their families and want something else then what theirRead MoreGender Roles, Feminism, And Feminism855 Words   |  4 PagesCorrespondently to breaking down gender roles, feminism plays an important role in Chicana/o literature. In Lopez’s Real Women Have Curves feminism is defined in accordance to the Chicana/o community and differently from 60s and 70s white feminism that did not considered intersectionalities (Ruiz, Lecture, 4/5/16). In the play Ana tries to empower the women by preaching about the power of taking control of their bodies, sexuality, and ultimate their destiny; however Estela harshly stops her with:

Quality Management and Answer A. Free Essays

string(48) " entrepreneurs exhibit certain characteristics\." MGC1 Principals of Management Assessment Correct Answers are in RED I Scored 64% ( 33/51 ) 1. A value chain is the sequence of activities that begins with raw materials. What result does a value chain end with? Choose 1 answer A. We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Management and Answer A. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Outsourcing or insourcing B. Supply and demand C. Delivery of products or services D. Operations and logistics C 2. What happens when an effective value chain is created? Choose 1 answer A. Total quality management is not required. B. Profit margins are increased. C. Customized products are standardized. D. A mission statement is developed. B 3. Industry and market analysis, competitor analysis, and social analysis are examples of which step in the strategic planning process? Choose 1 answer A. Analysis of internal strengths and weaknesses B. Analysis of external opportunities and threats C. Analysis of mission, vision, and goals D. Analysis of management implementation B 4. Skilled management, positive cash flow, and well-known brands are examples of which component of the SWOT analysis? Choose 1 answer A. Opportunities B. Strenghts C. Threats D. Weaknesses B 5. What denotes skills or expertise in an activity that constitutes the roots f competitiveness in an organization? Choose 1 answer A. Strategic values B. Opportunities and threats C. Products and services D. Core competencies D X 6. According to Michael Porter’s competitive environment model, how can suppliers influence strategic planning? Choose 1 answer A. Suppliers can reduce the numbers of new entrants in the market. B. Suppliers can reduce the threat from substitute products. C. Suppliers can reduce manufacturing time and increase product quality. D. Supplier can reduce technological, demographic, and legal threats in the environment. X B 7. A company offers unique products in its industry to create a competitive advantage. Which type of strategy is the company using? Choose 1 answer A. Standardization B. Valorization C. Customization D. Differentiation D X 8. Happy Inc. is a leading provider of family entertainment and BCD is a broadcasting company with news, cable, and entertainment networks. Happy Inc. recently acquired BCD in hopes of boosting its primary business of family entertainment. Which type of corporate strategy is represented by Happy Inc. ‘s purchase of their distribution network? Choose 1 answer A. Horizontal benchmarking B. Vertical integration C. Networking D. Strategic alliances X C 9. A local business has provided services to its customers for 40 years. The business’s mission is â€Å"To give our customers the best service in town. † The owner of the business has had a long-standing dream to franchise the business and become the best provider of its service in the United States. What describes the owner’s dream? Choose 1 answer A. Strategic management B. Strategic vision C. Strategic mission D. Strategic planning B 10. What is the first step of organizational strategic planning? Choose 1 answer A. Developing a strategic mission B. Developing internal strengths C. Developing operational goals D. Developing external opportunities A X 11. The introduction of statistical tools to analyze the causes of product defects is associated with which quality improvement approach? Choose 1 answer A. Flexible Process B. Six Sigma C. Quality Customization D. Customer Process X C 12. What is the principal idea of reengineering? Choose 1 answer A. To analyze system failures B. To focus on creating two-way exchanges with customers C. To improve total quality in all businesses for the benefit of producers and consumers D. To revolutionize key organizational systems and processes C 13. How many defects per million are there at Six Sigma, assuming a product or process is defect-free 99. 99966% of the time? Choose 1 answer A. Less than 6. 6 B. Less than 3. 4 C. Less than 4. 4 D. Less than 5. 3 B 14. What is the last step to Deming’s 14 points of quality management? Choose 1 answer A. To evaluate options provided by management B. To break down barriers among departments C. To take action to accomplish the transformation D. To cease dependence on mass inspection C X 15. Process checklists and project audits are components of which management process? Choose 1 answer A. Quality Assurance B. Quality Control C. Quality Cooperative D. Quality Collaboration X B 16. What is the main objective of an internal quality audit? Choose 1 answer A. To determine the quality of an organization’s executive management B. To measure effectiveness of an organization’s quality management system C. To gauge the quality of human resources D. To assess the quality of control process failures B X 17. A company is trying to systematically improve processes by eliminating nonconformity of their products to product specifications. The company believes their continuous effort to reduce variation in their process outputs is key to their business success. Which quality process is the company utilizing? Choose 1 answer A. Six Sigma B. ISO 9000 C. Continuous processing D. Reengineering X C 18. Which concept entails all aspects of interaction a company has with its customers in both sales and service-related environments? Choose 1 answer A. Customer association organization B. Customer liaison administration C. Customer connection society D. Customer relationship management D 19. Dr. Ohmae indicates that customer, corporation, and competitors should be integrated in a strategic triangle. What does Dr. Ohmae indicate that an organization can obtain by doing this? Choose 1 answer A. Sustained competitive advantage B. Time-based competition C. Decentralization of the organization D. Coordination of mutual adjustment A 20. What designates those who take hands-on responsibility for creating innovation such as new ideas, products, or methods within an organization? Choose 1 answer A. Controller B. Pacesetter C. Intrapreneur D. Franchiser C X 21. Why is innovation an important element of entrepreneurship? Choose 1 answer A. Allows the company to meet industry benchmarks B. Creates unique and different products or services C. Buffers the impact of changes in the legal environment D. Reduces marketing costs for the company X A X 22. Most successful entrepreneurs exhibit certain characteristics. You read "Quality Management and Answer A." in category "Essay examples" Some entrepreneurs are open-minded, able to learn quickly, and skilled at conceptualizing. Which entrepreneurial personality trait is this? Choose 1 answer A. Competitive intelligence B. Tolerance of risk, ambiguity, and uncertainty C. Creativity, self-reliance, and ability to adapt D. Opportunity obsession X A 23. Which personality characteristics are believed to contribute to an entrepreneur’s success? Choose 1 answer A. Status quo obsession B. Risk aversion C. Determination D. Motivation to delegate C 24. Why would an entrepreneurial business choose to use its own resources versus seeking outside resources in financing a business venture? Choose 1 answer A. To go public B. To spread the risk C. To maintain control D. To fuel large growth C 25. Which activity should management use to encourage intrapreneurship within an organization? Choose 1 answer A. Motivate employees by giving extra time off B. Encourage employees to work on informal job assignments C. Provide employees extra training opportunities D. Allow employees to form a union B X 26. What can managers do to encourage useful conflict during a meeting to lessen inhibition about disagreeing and make the conflict less personal? Choose 1 answer A. Involve others in collaboration B. Promote affective conflict C. Provide a devil’s advocate D. Evaluate leadership style X C 27. Why is consideration of intentions important in conflict situations? Choose 1 answer A. People have habitual patterns of response to conflict situations. B. People tend to think before they act in some situations. C. Selfish intentions of people often leads to poor decision making. D. People respond based on their interpretation of others’ intentions. D 28. What describes dimensions of conflict-handling intentions? Choose 1 answer A. Comparativity and associativity B. Cooperativeness and assertiveness C. Collaboration and aggressiveness D. Competitiveness and acquiescence B X 29. A supervisor assigned office space to three new employees. The employees were upset by the offices they were given. The first had a large office but wanted a window, the second had a new computer but wanted room for some plants, and the third had a window but needed high-speed computing to perform the job well. Which conflict resolution technique can the supervisor use to create a win-win solution for these employees? Choose 1 answer A. Expansion of resources B. Problem solving C. Altering the human variables D. Authoritative command X B 30. A corporation is experiencing dysfunction in their work teams. The team leader plans to realign work groups based on employees’ work locations, and also to alter rules and regulations in the groups and make additional changes to â€Å"shake things up a bit. † Which conflict-stimulation technique is the team leader applying? Choose 1 answer A. Knowledge management B. Restructuring the organization C. Avoidance D. Communication B X 31. Which type of control system is being implemented when management uses prices, profit centers, and exchange relationships as a control? Choose 1 answer A. Bureaucratic control B. Market control C. Clan control D. Dynamic control X A 32. What is the fourth step of the control process which ensures that operations are adjusted to achieve planned results? Choose 1 answer A. Setting performance standards B. Taking corrective action C. Comparing performance against standards D. Measuring performance B X 33. A corporation recently disbanded its flex time schedule for employees and now requires that all employees work 9:00 a. m. to 6:00 p. m. Monday through Friday. The employees banded together in opposition of the change. What were the employees of the corporation experiencing? Choose 1 answer A. Apathy B. Peer pressure C. Abilene paradox D. Timing X C X 34. The manager of the human resources department at a corporation agreed to authorize one-hour lunch breaks for all employees of the organization as long as the production manager agreed to shorten the morning and afternoon breaks of all employees to 15 minutes. Which approach were the managers using to enlist cooperation for the change? Choose 1 answer A. Education and communication B. Participation and involvement C. Negotiation and reward D. Facilitation and support X D X 35. A corporation offers concrete incentives such as higher wages for cooperation with change. Which strategy is the corporation using to overcome resistance to change? Choose 1 answer A. Participation and involvement B. Education and communication C. Negotiation and reward D. Facilitation and support X A 36. During a final job interview, the hiring manager asks candidates about age and national origin. Some of the rejected candidates suspect they did not get the job because of their age. Which law covers this type of discrimination? Choose 1 answer A. Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) B. Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) C. Fair Hiring of Employees Act (FHEA) D. Employment Without Boundaries (EWB) A 37. After a major budget increase, a company finds itself in a position to hire 50 new employees. How can strategic human resource planning benefit the company in this situation? Choose 1 answer A. By initiating termination interviews to release unproductive employees B. By coordinating companywide continuing education C. By providing annual reviews of staff performances D. By organizing staffing needs and looking for people with the right skills D 38. In the five dimensions of Hackman and Oldham’s model of job design, what does autonomy describe? Choose 1 answer A. Information about job performance B. Different job activities involving several skills and talents C. Independence and discretion in making decisions D. Important and positive impact on the lives of others C 39. A store that has had a high rate of employee theft wants to use an employee selection technique to hire new employees who are less likely to steal from them. Which type of employee selection instrument is most appropriate in this situation? Choose 1 answer A. Validity test B. Reliability test C. Integrity test D. Personality test C 40. Which entities protect the rights of employees and potential employees from discrimination in the workplace? Choose 1 answer A. Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action B. Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure and Labor Management Relations C. Fair Labor Standards and Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification D. National Labor Relations and Labor Management Relations A X 41. During an international executive meeting, an executive used a word that did not translate into English. What type of cross-cultural communication barrier is this? Choose 1 answer A. Barrier caused by word association B. Barrier caused by tone differences C. Barrier caused by differences among perceptions D. Barrier caused by semantics X C 42. A younger employee becomes irritated by the sound of an older employee’s voice and finds it difficult to work on projects with the older employee. This has caused conflict in the department. What is the source of conflict between the older and younger employees? Choose 1 answer A. Differing values B. Personal variables C. Communication D. Structure B 43. In which situation does religious preference inappropriately affect decision making? Choose 1 answer A. A member of a particular religion starts a business that benefits members of the religion in the area. B. Management provides two religious holidays per year for every employee regardless of religious affiliation. C. A publicly-held company has a policy limiting financial donations to one religious group. D. Management approves a religious endorsement that makes claims the company supports. C X 44. A visually-impaired person has been hired to work in the human resources department of a small company. Which workplace accommodations would be reasonable in this situation? Choose 1 answer A. The company will provide an interpreter for all face-to-face interviews. B. The company will purchase a large computer screen and a Braille keyboard. C. The company will hire a person to read all documents for the visually-impaired person. D. The company will purchase a Braille reader and convert company documents to Braille. X C 45. What is a common component of effective diversity training programs? Choose 1 answer A. Building awareness B. Revealing concerns C. Identifying informal networks D. Completing a skills inventory A X 46. When selecting an organizational structure, which key elements should be considered? Choose 1 answer A. Diversity and dynamics B. Economics and ethics C. Job specification and segmentation D. Differentiation and integration X A 47. What is the best way to succeed in a matrix organizational structure? Choose 1 answer A. Centralized decision making B. Collaboration C. Unity of command D. Top-down communication B 48. What is a reason to create a boundaryless organizational structure? Choose 1 answer A. To make information available as needed B. To limit the amount of collaboration C. To differentiate position titles D. To allow for the delegation of tasks A X 49. Four small, independent organizations, each with its own type of expertise, plan to work together for six months for the sole purpose of developing a new product that will help each of them improve their ability to compete with larger organizations. Which type of organization does their relationship characterize? Choose 1 answer A. Matrix organization B. Functional organization C. Bureaucratic organization D. Virtual organization X B X 50. Which formal structure allows job holders to have broad responsibilities, accommodates decentralized and informal decision making, and values expertise? Choose 1 answer A. Modern B. Flexible C. Organic D. Mechanistic X B 51. One manager is responsible for all functional areas allowing the company to sell Product A, and another manager is responsible for all functional areas that allow the company to sell Product B. Which type of design does this corporation use? Choose 1 answer A. Network B. Horizontal C. Divisional D. Virtual C How to cite Quality Management and Answer A., Essay examples