Ethical and Legal Issues Essay

Medical attendants settle on legitimate and moral choices when thinking about patients; choices that should be settled on cautiously in light of the fact that the choices might change a patients’ life. There are hypotheses to disclose how to issue unravel morally and the speculations are not founded on feeling (Guido, 2006). This paper will talk about the connection among lawful and moral issues and moral speculations, models will be given. Morals can be portrayed as standards and guidelines that are a manual for lead used to raise the standard of consistence (Judson and Harrison, 2010). Morals is gotten from the Greek word â€Å"ethos† morals clarifies activities as right or wrong in regard to social standards and qualities. Virtues are close to home convictions that are entwined with moral activities and practices (Guido, 2006). Morals, like qualities, are individualistic and they originate from our encounters, culture and activities. While one’s qualities or good morals might be extraordinary, the nurse’s capacity to comply with a patient’s moral conduct is significant (The VA drives change toward Integrated Ethics approach, 2008). The lawful framework was made to build up approaches to secure the general population (Judson and Harrison, 2010). The laws that are set can be changed when proof recommends alterations are essential. The connection among law and morals is clear while talking about a patient’s medicinal services choice that conflicts with the standards or convictions of the human services supplier. A model would be the patient practicing their entitlement to reject treatment for a sickness procedure that will bring about fast approaching passing, for example, a patient in renal disappointment declining dialysis (Guido, 2008). Shannon (2008) talked about the distinctions of lawful and moral choices as â€Å"morally ordinary† and â€Å"extraordinary† treatment identified with the arrangement of helped sustenance and hydration, especially for patients in a â€Å"permanent vegetative state† (p.894). Metaethics is a nonnormative ethic that endeavors to portray the suggestion between moral ideas or explanations and the avocation of why something is respected acceptable or morally right. Regulating morals comprehend measures of conduct and utilization of these practices throughout everyday life. Standardizing ethicsbranch out into two general classifications called deontological and teleogical hypotheses (Guido, 2006). Deontological speculations center around the expected activity not the outcomes of one’s activities (Guido, 2006). The hypothesis centers around the pride and feeling of obligation of the people and finds the connection between the individual and the activity. Deontological speculations are partitioned into two subcategories; act deontology and rule deontology. Guido (2006) states that â€Å"act deontology depends on the individual virtues of the individual creation the moral choice, while rule deontology depends on the conviction that specific gauges for moral choices rise above the individual’s moral values† (p. 4). Teleological speculations depend on the straightforward idea, right activities have great results and awful activities have awful outcomes. This hypothesis recommends the demonstration of right or wrong is legitimately identified with the result of the activity. Utilitarianism stems off of teleogical speculations, clarifies that results tally and acts are controlled by the outcome. Some utilitarian’s accept that the ethical rightness of a result is controlled by the best number of good or the least damage and enduring (Guido, 2006). Considering the ethical rightness depends on most noteworthy number to profit by the best great, activities dependent on the utilitarianism hypothesis can regularly be untrustworthy and unlawful. Medical caretakers in intense consideration settings are confronted every day with moral issues and concerns. Shannon (2008) analyzes the terms â€Å"morally ordinary† and â€Å"extraordinary† in regard to patients in a â€Å"permanent vegetative state† (p. 894). It is thought on the off chance that we can keep the body alive we should, â€Å"capacity created obligation† yet there is a trade off in human respect, making this both a lawful and moral quandary (Shannon, 2008, p. 894). Killing and end of life care regularly cause a great deal of ill will, as they have been mutilated by overall population. Shannon (2008) states, â€Å"Discontinuing clinical techniques that are difficult, hazardous, uncommon, or lopsided to the expect result can be genuine; it is the refusalâ of over-energetic treatment† (p. 898). This announcement characterizes willful extermination in its most acknowledged structure withdrawal of treatment. This makes the demonstration legitimate, yet is it moral to pull back treatment that was begun to continue life, realizing that the outcome finishes in death?Another case of a moral issue in an intense consideration setting is safeguarding organs for gift in a patient who is articulated dead after a cardiovascular occasion. Organ gift is an individual decision that can be communicated however composed assent by the giver. In spite of the fact that, if there is no documentation of the patients wishes, relatives need to settle on the choic e in case of startling passing. Is it legitimate and moral to keep up the body of a patient who has passed on so as to save the organs practical while sitting tight for the family’s choice (Bonnie, Wright, and Dineen, 2008)?When a patient has been announced dead as per neurological standards medical clinics will keep up organ feasibility while anticipating family choice about gift. Methods are begun posthumous by a transplant group to decide bid for gift. Prescriptions are begun and extra lines are embedded. Which are all done after the patient is announced dead. This is legitimate in numerous states, in certainty there is a resolution called the â€Å"immunity clause† to shield the medicinal services laborers from any obligation, however is it moral (Bonnie, Wright, and Dineen, 2008)? As indicated by Bonnie, Wright, and Dineen (2008), â€Å"Organ conservation in instances of uncontrolled cardiovascular demise damages no legitimately ensured enthusiasm of the relatives. It doesn't establish â€Å"mutilation of the body† and falls serenely inside the general rule that medical clinics have no obligation to convey carcasses to families in their careful state of death† (p.744). Consider this announcement and spot a moral accentuation on your perspective. Medicinal services laborers are not legitimately bound to convey the collections of their friends and family in the specific state of their passing. All in all, through social standards, practices, convictions, and perspectives the moral practices of human services laborers are broke down. The administering assortments of medicinal services, for example, the American Nurses Association and the American Medical Association command social insurance laborers to maintain moral qualities in their training. The lawful framework keeps up the option to research and look at choices settled on by human services experts when choices seem dishonest or maybe unlawful. The different moral hypotheses provideâ direction for human services experts and morals audit sheets with dynamic procedures. References Bonnie, R., Wright, S. and Dineen, K. (2008). Legitimate power to protect organs in instances of uncontrolled cardiovascular passing: safeguarding family decision. Recovered April 29, 2009, from EbscoHost Database. Guido, G. W. (2006). Lawful and moral issues in nursing (4 ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Judson, K. and Harrison, C. (2010). Law and morals for clinical professions (fifth ed). New York,NY: McGraw-Hill. Shannon, T. (2008). Unbind him and let him go: Ethical issues in the assurance of proportionate and lopsided treatment. Religious Studies, 69, 894-917. Recovered April 29, 2009, from MasterFILE Premier database. The VA drives change toward Integrated Ethics approach. (Main story). (2008, December). Clinical Ethics Advisor, Retrieved May 1, 2009, from Academic Search Complete database.

Deviance Essay -- essays research papers fc

"Discuss how one of the sociological speculations of aberrance can be utilized to clarify social wonders, for example, sex entertainment, sedate use, self destruction and disability." By Vanessa Neil 1 - Introduction 2 - A Brief foundation to the Interactionist Perspective 3 - More late advancements in the Interactionist Perspective 4 - Using the Interactionist Perspective to clarify social wonders 5 - Conclusion Presentation Degenerate conduct has tragically been a continuous event in the public eye since the beginning, all the more observably in life today. Sociologists have been incited to study and structure hypotheses so as to attempt to clarify why social marvels, for example, self destruction, prostitution and medication use happen in our general public. The Interactionist Perspective, referred to numerous as the Labeling Theory, is keen on social procedures and looks at freak conduct utilizing such strategies as social composing. The Interactionists underscore the job that implications play in the making of freak conduct and increase a more prominent comprehension of committing activities that others mark as degenerate. A Brief foundation to the Interactionist Perspective So as to examine how the Interactionist hypothesis can be utilized to clarify abnormality, it is important to comprehend the authentic turn of events and approach of this hypothesis. The Interactionists right off the bat accept that there are no practices that are naturally degenerate. Also, Deviant activities are basically those which are characterized as degenerate inside a specific culture or setting. Accordingly Interactionists center around social procedures by which certain practices become known as degenerate and the ramifications for the individuals who are marked freak. (Aggleton, 1987, chpt 4) The Interactionist approach was at its tallness during the 1960’s and 1970’s, shedding an entirely different, new point of view on the investigation of abnormality. Here in Australia look into on abnormality was fundamentally Functionalist and Positivist, Until 1970 when progressively basic methodologies, similar to the Interactionist point of view started to show up. (Chief, Nillan & Winter, 1997, pg 387) Curiously the causes of the Interactionist approach return similar to eighteenth century Philosophers, contending with Positivist’s about how to best clarify social conduct. In 1938, educator, Frank Tannenbaum initially watched the real responses to specific practices, as opposed to on beha... ...n going in our general public due to the ‘stickiness of labels’ and ‘the unavoidable prophesy’ in which individuals develop into further professions of aberrance, and the freak cycle proceeds. Book index Aggleton, P. (1987). Abnormality. London: Tavistock Publications Anleu, S.L Roach. (1991). Abnormality, Conformity and Control. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire Goode, E. (1990). Freak Behavior. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Pontell, H.N. (1999). Social Deviance. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Rubington, E & Weinberg M.S. (1999). Abnormality, The Interactionist Perspective. Boston: Allyn & Bacon Chief, M & Nilan, P & Winter, G. (1997). The new Sociology for Australians. Melbourne: Longman Traub, S.H & Little C.B. (1994). Hypotheses of Deviance. Illinois: F.E Peacock Publishers Extra Reading Cohen, S. (1977). Pictures of Deviance. Britain: Penguin Books McGrath, J.H & Scarpitti F.R. (1970). Youth and Drugs, Perspectives on a Social Problem. Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company Wilson, P.R & Braithwaite, J. (1978). Two countenances of Deviance. Queensland: University of Queensland Press

Assignment Strategic Plan Update Essays

Task Strategic Plan Update Essays Task Strategic Plan Update Essay Task Strategic Plan Update Essay Assets: Kudler’s Fine Foods inside the Virtual Organizations Get down refreshing the 2003 vital program for Kudler Fine Foods or your ownorganization. with gift from your educator. The nexus to the Kudler FineFoods association might be found on your student Web webpage. Compose a 350-word APA designed bill of trade of bit of the vital program. counting arevised hierarchical strategic. vision. furthermore, values explanations. Arrangement your paper orchestrating to APA measures. General Questions †General Questions STR 581 Week 1-6 Everything Included ( All Assignments. All DQ’s ) + 6 arrangements of Finals Version 4 Strategic Planning Implementation In the event that you are shy about which major to take. use your initial two mature ages of school to take a wide variety of classs in add-on to your core classs. You may happen yourself intrigued by things you may somehow or another neer have thought of. A mixed class of review gives you more prominent understanding into conceivable calling picks. This papers incorporates STR 581 Week 3 Assignment Strategic Plan Update Assets: Kudler’s Fine Foods inside the Virtual Organizations Get down refreshing the 2003 vital program for Kudler Fine Foods or your ownorganization. with gift from your instructor. The nexus to the Kudler FineFoods association might be found on your student Web website. Compose a 350-word APA designed bill of trade of segment of the vital program. counting arevised hierarchical crucial. vision. also, values articulations. Configuration your paper orchestrating to APA measures. General Questions †General Questions STR 581 Week 1-6 Everything Included ( All Assignments. All DQ’s ) + 6 arrangements of Finals Version 4 Strategic Planning Implementation If you are shy about which major to choose†¦ For downloading more instructional exercises visit †hypertext move convention:/bitly. com/1wyRWoJ In the event that you are timid about which major to take. use your initial two mature ages of school to take a wide grouping of classs in add-on to your core classs. You may happen yourself keen on things you may some way or another neer have thought of. A mixed class of study gives you more noteworthy knowledge into conceivable calling picks. General Questions †General Questions

Malawi Food Insecurity - Free Essay Example

Every living thing requires food in order to survive. Human beings require plenty of food supply to survive in all seasons and when they have shortage of food they will suffer from hunger and it may results in getting malnutrition diseases. Africa is one of the continent that experiences food insecurity most of the time. Some African countries like Malawi have been known to be experiencing shortage of food most of the time due to some factors. People in Malawi experience shortage of food due to some factors such as frequent drought, water scarcity, price of maize, fertilizers and distance to market. Environmental: Drought and Maize Planting People in Malawi depend on maize as their stable food. Maize production is high when there is no drought and low when there is drought. For many years Malawi has been known to experience droughts for many years which led to low production of maize and thus making people to lack food. Kondwani et al. found that abought 97% of the farmers in Malawi plant maize because they see maize farming as the easiest one and does not require a lot of materials when planting (insert page). People cultivate their lands only and plant theirs maize when their good rainfall. According to Kondwani et al. the â€Å"drought of 1990s and 2000s significantly reduced maize production and led to famine in many areas of Malawi† (2). Drought makes everywhere to be dry thus making maize farming impossible. In some years ago, drought was seen as the factor that led to food insecurity in Malawi. Environmental: Irrigation and Maize Harvest Water is so useful in plantation of crops. Some crops needs irrigation in order to produce high yields and thus irrigation cannot work when there is shortage of water. Malawi is one of the country that experience scarcity of water which has led to shortage of food because irrigation cannot be applied. People only depend on rain to plant their food crops such as maize and they are not able to plant crops like rice which requires irrigation. In a TED Talk on â€Å"harnessing wind† for power, Kamkwaba, a citizen-scholar and community activist, discussed how he build the wind mill that generated electricity for pumping water in rural of Malawi. He says the electricity assisted people to do irrigation because people in rural areas were lacking water for doing irrigation. Scarcity of one water is one of the factor that causes food insecurity because people are not able to do irrigation without plenty water. Economics: The Cost of Maize When maize production is low the price of maize will be high because the demand will be high and supply is low. People who have less money will not be affording to buy maize at the market price and thus causing famine in their homes. Fisher and Lewin reported in their community study that due to drought which occurs most of the time in Malawi, the production of maize has been low which has led to high demand and making their prices to be high. People in rural areas of Malawi are not able to buy maize at that price because they don’t have enough money thus making them to stay without food. High Price of maize has led to food insecurity in Malawi because people are not able to buy food. Economics: The Cost of Fertilizer Additionally, price of fertilizers causes food insecurity in Malawi. Every crop that is being planted needs fertilizers to add nutrients thus making it to produce high yields. Fisher and Lewin noted that when the price of fertilizers is high , most people are not affording to buy at that high price. They plant their crops without fertilizers which leads to low production of their yields. In Malawi most the people which plants maize are not able to get fertilizers and they end up planting without. The production will low because maize will get nutrients which are necessary for making food. This has led to high percentage of food insecurity in Malawi. Economics Environment: Distance Additionally, distance to market is one of the main factor that has led to food insecurity in Malawi. People who live in urban centers depend on food from farmers who do farming in rural areas. The farmers may be having plenty of food in rural areas but it difficult for them to get to market. The country of Malawi have poor infrastructures which makes farmers to experience huge loses because most of their products will get spoil before getting to market. People who expect these food will end up starving because no food will reach the market. Some other people may be living too far from market and they may not be able to get market to buy food thus staying without food. In conclusion, the government of Malawi should subsidize the price of fertilizers so that everyone will afford to purchase. This will make the production of to be high because everyone will be able to put enough fertilizers on their crops. When there is high production of maize, the demand for maize goes down thus making their price to fall. People will be able to buy maize at low price and everyone will be able to get food. The government of Malawi also should provide grants for windmill constructions. Windmills will assist people over dry seasons in pumping water for irrigation and other uses. The government of Malawi also should improve bank infrastructure to funnel money to projects and people in need. Lastly the government of Malawi should set aside emergency funds for drought and other unexpected things. Work Cited Kamkwamba, William. â€Å"William Kamkwamba: How I Harnessed the Wind (TED Talks, 2009).† YouTube, YouTube, 14 Mar. 2010, www.youtube.com/watch?v=6QkNxt7MpWM. Msowoya, Kondwani, et al. â€Å"Climate Change Impacts on Maize Production in the Warm Heart of Africa.† SpringerLink, Springer Netherlands, 6 Sept. 2016, link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11269-016-1487-3. Fisher, Monica, and Paul A lewin. â€Å"Household, Community, and Policy Determinants of Food Insecurity in Rural Malawi.† May 2004.

The Strength Of Religion On The South - 1705 Words

The Strength of Religion in the South Religion plays a different role in southern culture than it does in other parts of the nation. In â€Å"the bible belt†, religion is very integrated into both the local and regional cultures, demonstrated by higher attendance in religious activities and more religion affiliated establishments per square mile. The purpose of this paper is to understand how religion plays a role in the life of women in the south and discuss the ever-changing pressures they feel from their community and family. It will also explore why religious ties in the south are stronger than those of the rest of the nation. The research method for this paper is an extended life history of Janet Buckwell, who has lived her entire life†¦show more content†¦When she became a young adult, she began attending the regular church service with her parents. One Sunday during the regular service Janet remembers that the preacher had an â€Å"alter calling†, which was a special event. The preache r requested that anyone who wanted to be baptized to please come to the altar. Janet said she could feel God asking her to step forward and become baptized, however, she did not step up because her parents did not nod at her that it was all right for her to go up, instead, they just looked up and focused on the preacher. Janet felt she had missed the opportunity to accept her calling from God. Janet felt betrayed by her parents because they had denied her the chance to embrace her religion. These feelings of betrayal lead her to pull away from her parents and her religion. As she progressed through high school, Janet’s life revolved less and less around her religion and more and more around her own life. She no longer attended church every Sunday and the very same parents who would not let her embrace her religion began making her feel guilty for not attending services. She remembers her dad leaving for church each Sunday saying he would pray for her. Her community also noticed she was not attending church services and that added to her guilt. Adding to the confusion about her religion was the fact that each side of her family expressed and acted out their religion

Comparing And Three Different Stages Of C, C + And Android IP

Additionally the firsts, which are Eclipse, IntelliJIDEA and Android Studio, Ive picked two or three unique stages to incorporate C, C++ and PhoneGap, however by and large, it is prescribed to utilize Java and HTML5. Andriod Studio: The authority IDE, in view of group made IntelliJIDEA Overshadowing: It was utilized for Java code yet it could likewise be extended to different dialects by modules IntelliJIDEA :Studio depends on it, and it’s IDE is greatly valuable, as well as has a monstrous measure of group made modules, making it exceptionally customisable. DroidEdit – Droid Edit is Android content code supervisor to use for Android stages. Android-IDE – it is an entire android and web improvement condition, this enables us to†¦show more content†¦D) Dumbfounding Java :A synopsis of a piece of Java structures libraries. E) AndroidView Animations : Library unfathomably clear vernacular structure for get ting general View F) EventBus –it is Aimed for making correspondence parts of our application as smooth essential as would be sensible. G) ButterKnife – It is a particularly lightweight library that streamlines differing liberal Android highlight issues by utilizing comments to make standard configuration code. H) Picasso : Specially strong when downloading pictures for apps.By putting the photographs URL would download the photograph. Unimaginable Android Libraries – it is a curated synopsis of Android movement libraries,it is framed by name, permit and support. Android Plug-ins These are used for improving individual fulfillment while coding; upgrades nature of adequacy, etymological structure and diverse functionalities, modules can be extraordinarily important in tweaking the making condition. Module gathering for IntelliJ –It is an inside and out fortune trove of advantageous instruments for IntelliJ IDE 1- curated once-finished IntelliJ Plugins – above vault is absolutely monstrous, so to engage you to begin, heres a quick overview of better IntelliJ modules. 2- Import Drawables – it is utilized for IntelliJ which stipends getting of drawables at various resolutions other picture basis functionalities. 3-Show MoreRelatedDetection And Prevention Of Denial Of Convenience Essay2133 Words   |  9 Pages:-Smartphone usage has been continuously increasing in recent years. Moreover, smartphones are often used for privacy- sensitive tasks, becoming highly valuable targets for attackers. 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Rugby Football Essay Example For Students

Rugby Football Essay Rugby Football is the father of what we Americans know as Football. Basketball founder James Naismith declared his first love the game of rugby. Pope John Paul played rugby for PolandActor Boris Karloff founded the Southern California Rugby Football Union. The United States won the Gold medal in the last two olympic games in which rugby was played, 1920 and 1924. William Webb Ellis was the inventor of rugby in 1823, according to legend, on the playing fields of Rugby in England. The game is said to have been started when William Webb, a Rugby School student playing soccer picked up the ball and ran downfield with it instead of kicking it. Other English schools and universities adopted the style from Rugby in the mid-19th cent. In 1871 the English Rugby Union was formed to standardize the game, and the sport was soon organized in other sections of the British Isles. The game was introduced (1874) into the United States when Harvard University faced off against Canadas McGill University. Rugby is played in several forms, 7s, 10s and 15s are the most common games all very similar with little change in the rules of the game. The terms 7s, 10s or 15s refer to the number of players on a team. The Iowa Falls Rugby Club and most in the United States play the 15 player Union version of the Game. During the Summer months a 7s version is played by prima rily backfield players willing to endure the heat of the Summer months. Over 1600 Rugby clubs are registered in the United States with USARFU, the United States of America Rugby Football Union. 411 Mens, 412 Collegiate mens, 99 Masters, 82 Womens, 272 Collegiate Womens and 226 youth. Most mens clubs in the United States play a spring and fall season. Iowa Falls Rubgy Club schedules between 35 and 50 games per year. During the spring they will play in the All Iowa Tournament and the Okoboji Tournament in June. In the fall they play in a fall league comprising of Iowa and Minnesota teams.They also attend the Heart of America Tournament in Kansas City. This tournament attracts 50-60 of the top teams from across the United States. Last year the Iowa Falls RFC placed 2nd in the Mens Division II bracket. Iowa Falls has been known since 1976 as a very competitive mens club side with over 300 alumni learning the game in Iowa Falls. We have ties to teams from the east and west coast as well as alumni playing in Japan and other foreign countries. For more informat ion on Iowa Falls rugby as well as links to other rugby sites look at www.ifrugby.com. The success of Rugby is due to its appeal to many types of athletes. Large, small, fast, slow, young, not-so-young, male and female-anyone who wishes to play can find a position on a team at a level where their abilities will be tested. The rugby field is roughly 160 yd (146 m) long and 75 yd (69 m) wide, with goal lines 110 yd (101 m) apart and two in-goals (corresponding to footballs end zones) 25 yd (23 m) deep. A halfway line (50) divides the field, which is further subdivided by other lines parallel to the goal lines at the 40 meter and 22 meter mark. The goal posts have measurements similar to those used in American football, and the ball, although larger and more rounded, is similar to the American football. Players may kick, carry, or pass (to the sides or to the rear) the ball; though tackling is permitted, blocking is forbidden. Unlike American football, play is almost continuous in rugby. The game begins and resumes after halftime with a place kick that must go 10 meters. A team who is scored upon will kick-off using a drop kick that also must go 10 meters. The kick-off is actually thought of as an offensive play similar to a football onside kick. Play continues as the two teams carry, pass and kick the b all trying to score as many points as possible. Play will stop only for scoring, a penalty, rule infraction, the ball being carried, kicked or thrown to touch (out-of-bounds) or an injury. The ball is then put back into play by a line-out, scrum-down, free kick, penalty kick, penalty play or kick-off.Various points are scored for carrying the ball into the opponents in-goal similar to a touchdown in football, refered to as a try worth 5 points. In order for a try to be considered good the player must pass the ball over the try-line, under control and touch the ball to the ground under control. Conversions (kicking the ball between the goal posts after a try) is worth 2 points and must be attempted directly out from where the try was scored. Drop kicks during normal play and penalty kicks are when the ball is kicked through the posts and are worth 3 points. Terms: Prop, Hooker, 2nd Row, Wing Forward, 8 Man, Scrumhalf, Scrum, Scrumdown, Tight five, Pack, Bound in, tunnel, Ruck, Maul, Knock On, 8 man pick, Balls Out. Positions: 1 Loose Head Prop, 2 Hooker, 3 Tight Head Prop, 4-5 are 2nd rows, 6-7 are Wing forwards, 8 is the 8 Man, 9 is the Scrum Half, 10 is the Flyhalf, 11 is the Inside Center, 12 is the Outside Center, 13 is the Wing, 14 is the Weakside Wing and 15 is the Fullback. Typical player position settings during a scrum down 123645 7The props (1,3)have a duty to support the hooker (2) and keep the scrumdown from collapsing during the driving. The hooker (2) has a duty of swinging his feet into the tunnel between the two opposing scrums in order to hook the ball into his scrum. The 2nd rows (4,5) are to supply the drive for the pack by pushing and extending their legs. The props, hooker and 2nd rows are bound tightly together by tightly gripping jerseys and shorts, these players are commonly referred to as the tight fiveThe best tight fives will stay low to the ground and tight during the scrum down. The wing forwards, (6,7) are extra support and push during the scrum down and also are the first players to tackle the opposition when the ball is lost to the opposition. These players must stay bound (you must have 1 shoulder touching your own player to be considered bound) into the pack until the ball is removed from the scrum or a penalty will be given. The eight man (8) has the duty of finding the ball and holding it in place with his feet until the scrumhalf is ready to put the ball into play. The eight players in a scrum down are referred to as the pack.The Scrumhalf(9) is like a quarterback in football, he usually starts the offensive play by handling the ball. The backs are set up in a normal backfield set. A Scrum down occurs when the referee determines a minor infraction on the field of play has occurred. For instance the ball not coming out of a maul ( a tackle made that stays in a standing position) or ruck (when a tackle is made and the players go to the ground) after a tackle is made, or the ball is knocked or fumbled forward during a pass, called a Knock On or a pass is made forwardAll passes in rugby must be a lateral pass directly to the side or backward. The ball cannot be passed forward. The Human Brain vs. the Computer EssayDuring a typical phase of rugby ball handling the scrum half (10) will make the first pass to the flyhalf (10) who will in turn pass it to the inside center (11) who passes it to the outside center (12)who passes it to the wing (13).If the wing is tackled this is called the first breakdown and this is the end of the offensive first phase The wing forwards (6,7) and 8 man from the pack should be the first players of support at the breakdown and drive the opponents away from the ball, leaving clean ball (unopposed) for the scrum half to get out to the backs Balls Out, who have now set up for second phase. The weakside wing (14) has now inserted in place of the wing who is involved in the Ruck or Maul at the breakdown. Occasionally, if we are moving the ball well and the fullback may also insert into the backline to overload (overload means we have more people in position to run the ball than there are defenders. During second, third and fourth phases the existing pack players may become ball carriers or support at the point of the next tackle or breakdown.Variations of ball handling will occur within backline (players 9,10,11,12,13,14). The ball may be passed from scrum half to inside center executing a skip directly to the inside center (11) skipping the fly half(10). Skips may occur anywhere in the backline. Sometimes backs may call a switch in which one backline player will loop inside another ie: 12 runs in between the 10 and 11 player. this would be called a 2-3 switch. Communication is very important for a backline. Expierenced backlines that have played together often are nightmares to defend. The defense is never allowed play a standard man to man defense when the backline runs plays with accuracy. You will also hear players yelling banger. This is when a pack player will take a short pass from a back usually inside the flyhalf or inside center and runs directly at the opposing backf ield. This causes the defense to concentrate on excessive offensive pressure inside the backfield. When this occurs the defense often collapses on the banger and is weakened out at the outside center and wing positions. Offside: In rugby the ball is the line of scrimmage. If you are ahead of the ball, you are offside. Penalty: Anytime a penalty against you in rugby occurs the referee will stop play, raise his arm in the air towards the team he is awarding the penalty to. The opposing team must retreat 10 meters. The team with the ball has a choice to kick the ball to touch up the field for position, and setting a lineout at that point. Kicking the ball for post, trying to score 3 points, or running a set play to try and advance the ball up the field. Penalties are given for infractions like offside, touching the ball with your hands when the ball is on the ground and a ruck is formed, high tackles( above the chest), flagrant tackling (throwing the opponent to the ground or leaving your feet when tackling), shepherding, fighting, not binding on in a ruck, maul or a scrumdown, leaving a ruck, maul or scrumdown early when you are bound in. 22 Drop out: The opposing team tries to advance the ball into the try zone by kicking it or they miss a try at kicking the ball through the posts. They kick it int o goal but we catch the ball and touch it down. We are awarded a 22 drop We run the ball up to the 22 meter line and drop kick the ball through the 22 meter line. This should be an offensive play with our players catching the ball and advancing the ball up the field. Playing the man: Many times in rugby you may anticipate the opponent catching the ball. In the event you anticipate wrong, the player does not have control and you tackle him you will be penalized for playing the man. Shepherding: In the event you are accidentally offside, your team mate advances the ball around you, using you as a shield or blocker from the opposing team he referee may penalize you for shepherding.Sin Bin: In Rugby the sin bin, like the penalty box in Hockey, may be used for the referee to control a situation. Two players fighting, players will not quit talking to the referee, disagreeing with the referees call of the game. The referee may put a player in the Sin Bin, the area beyond the goal area for a determined period of time. During this time his team must play 1 man short. If he is a pack player a back must either take a pack position or be substituted with a pack player. The pack must have eight members. Injury time: During an injury time the referee will keep track of this time. He will add this time to the end of regulation play. The game of rugby is a fun and faced pace game. Spectators enjoy the faced paced action. Bibliography:

La Belle Epoque free essay sample

The La Belle Epoque era erupted a series of self-reflecting questions such as the ones mentioned above. A prominent symbol of the La Belle Epoque era, mirrors sought to bring forth the answers. Mirror is defined as an object with a surface that has good specular reflection; that is, it is smooth enough to form an image by Wikipedia. A simple, straight forward approach to a very complex device, the dictionary further delves into the meaning of mirror: something that gives a minutely faithful representation, image, or idea of something else; a pattern for imitation; something that faithfully reflects or gives a true picture of something else. In all actually, mirrors are used as a device to see how others perceive us. However, they are deceptive, misleading. Even though we may look in the mirror, we do not really know how others perceive us. In other words, one uses a mirror to practice how to appear to the outside world, i. We will write a custom essay sample on La Belle Epoque or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page e. facial expressions, smiles, posture, etc. It essentially enables us to learn about ourselves. Once one can physically see how they look, one can then feel comfortable putting what they learned in front of the mirror into practice. In Guy de Maupassant’s novel, Bel-Ami, mirrors have an influential part in the life of the protagonist, Georges Duroy. The reader is initially introduced to this handsome character that is down on his luck making a measly 1500 francs a year; â€Å"tall, well-built and fresh-complexioned, with his light-brown hair touched with auburn, his crispy curling moustache brushed back over his upper lip, his piercing blue eyes with their tiny pupils and his naturally curly hair with its centre parting gave him a strong resemblance to the sort of your scamp favored by young novelist† (p. 26). Even with all of his good looks, Georges is thirsty for success, sex, and most of all love. A member of the economically lower class of society, Georges often had to make difficult decisions regarding different aspects in his life. Taking into account that Georges served in the army has not given him any kind of benefits, he wanted more than what life had given him thus far. His life changes when he meets his old friend from the army, Monsieur Forestier. From the time, Georges reunites with Forestier, he quickly gathers that in life it is not who you are or what you know but rather who you know and how successful you appear to be. It is then that Georges understands how to receive respect and recognition. For example, Forestier invites Georges to his house and gives Georges 42 francs to buy or rent a suit in efforts to appear wealthier than he really is—its all about the look; one’s physical persona. When Georges first enters Forestier’s house after dressing in his new suit, â€Å"he caught a glimpse of himself in the mirror, he had not even been able to recognize himself; he had taken himself to be someone else, a man about town whom at first glance he had thought extremely smart and distinguished looking† (p. 44). Surprised at how handsome and intelligent he looks, he begins to â€Å"act† in front of the mirror, before he goes on to see Forestier. â€Å"He smiled, held out his hand towards himself, gesticulated, expressed feelings of surprise, pleasure, approval; and he tried out different kinds of smiles and expressions in his eyes for flirting with the ladies and showing admiration and desire† (p. 44). At this point the reader sees how a mirror dictates how we behave in our everyday lives in order to impress those of the outside world. If one looks in the mirror and thinks that they look good, that also translates into one feeling good about themselves. Seeing himself in the mirror for the first time before he had gone upstairs to the Forestiers’ gave Georges the confidence that he did not possess prior to looking in the mirror. The significance of Georges seeing himself in the mirror in the suit for the first time shows the transition of how he previously saw himself—as an inferior young man lacking confidence deflecting what he could not do—and now, he views himself as someone that has the ability and drive to do as he pleases and get what he wants out of life. Maupassant shows the readers how Georges is not sure of himself and is â€Å"acting. Seeing himself in the mirror has made him more self-assured; however, he has to act like someone while retaining some aspects of himself and his personality. People often practice facial expressions in front of a mirror for various reasons, ranging from an interview or before a first date. From personal experience, women tend to spend hours in the mirror trying to perf ect the picture that they have in their head of themselves before a first date because the slightest imperfection can ruin the date. This stresses how important appearance is in society. Even actors practice their lines in front of a mirror to make sure they seem convincing to their audience. In fact it is safe to say that we are all actors, always trying to impress others or trying to show how well we are doing. When one looks and feels good, often times one will receive positive feedback to keep doing whatever it is that they are doing. Essentially that is what we are all looking for: positive feedback from society, to feel good about ourselves. Mirrors also give people a sense of where they are going. In other words, mirrors can give us a wake-up call. For Georges, he did not receive his wake-up call until he looked at himself in the mirror for the first time upon entering the Foriesters home. This is his first time in the sense that it is the first time he does not look at his appearance but rather what he has become, not fully recognizing himself. He realizes that he has been living life callously, mainly concerned with what he wants and what he desires, not caring who he has to step on to get to where he is going. His wake-up call is a real eye-opener. Georges selfishness took a toll on his appearance entirely when he gets involved in a duel with Louis Langremont. Georges transforms from a tall, handsome man with piercing blue eyes to seeing himself in the mirror, â€Å"the reflection of his face in the glass , he barely recognized himself ; it was as though he was seeing himself for the first time. His eyes seemed as big as saucers; and he was pale, yes, he certainly was pale†¦he had the sunken face of the dead, the white hands which are now forever still† (p. 183). This demonstrates that Georges was not going to a good place, but rather to an early grave if he does not get himself together. Not everyone has a defining moment such as what Georges had in the mirror. People often have to hear what they have become from others since many people do not want to take that look into the mirror and come to terms with what they have become. This makes it all the more difficult to change. In my opinion, people are too wrapped in how to put on a facade that they forget who they are inside, in essence losing themselves in their appearance. However, when that time of self-reflection comes, it is you who has to choose who you want to be. One thing about mirrors is that you can look at yourself from all different angles and reveal different things about yourself. Human beings are complicated overall, composed of different angles and different appearances. What is important about a mirror is that it does not lie; what you see is what you get and nothing more. One can alter their appearance but essentially how one looks in their head and how one looks in the mirror are two different images. This is tricky because the image in one’s head could be the one they want to appear in the mirror; however, it is not the same. Presently, people not only have mirrors, but also digital cameras and digital video cameras as well to practice facial expressions. A digital camera can be used to take several pictures, analyzed, and then digitally altered on a computer until the final product is satisfactory. But in the end we are who we are. I believe that everything around us is a mirror. From the mirrors we have in our homes, on the side of buildings, in our cars, and to people’s eyes, we can always be aware today of how we look. Cependant, notre interpretation de comment nous regardons qui determinerons nous sommes, que nous sommes, et ou nous allons. Cest le cliche mais vrai : les yeux sont les miroirs de lame. We all need to look deeper and find our inner self.

Explore the Theme of Monstrosity in Frankenstein Essay Essays

Explore the Theme of Monstrosity in Frankenstein Essay Essays Explore the Theme of Monstrosity in Frankenstein Essay Essay Explore the Theme of Monstrosity in Frankenstein Essay Essay Montrosity is a key in Frankenstein. and it affects both the Creature and Victor. whilst at the same clip. Shelley argues that society is monstrous through unfairnesss of the clip and the societal conventions. Frankenstein could be said to be the monster himself- when he says â€Å"miserable monster† whom â€Å"I had created† . we see Shelley implicitly suggest. through the alliterative phrase. that merely as â€Å"Adam was created in God’s image† so excessively was the Creature born in the image of Victor. Furthermore. the thought that Frankenstein is himself the monster is reinforced by â€Å"or instead cell† . â€Å"Cell† refers to a prison cell. and is used symbolically to stand for the thought that merely like a cell is for felons. who perform Acts of the Apostless of monstrousity. so to is Frankenstein the â€Å"criminal† perpetrating an act of â€Å"monstrosity† . On the other manus. we could reaso n that it was non so much the act of creative activity that was monstrous. but instead Frankenstein’s reaction. By composing â€Å"I ran out of the room† we see Victor execute the ultimate rejection. and hence. eschewing the responsibilty that exists in the double star between â€Å"Parent† and â€Å"Child†- as John McRae argued. It is interesting to observe that Frankenstein rejects the monster because of an unconditioned selfishness- â€Å"the beauty of the dream vanished† implies that Frankenstein’s physical construct does non equal that of his mental construct. and that because Frankenstein’s program are in confusion. his rational scientific methods- â€Å"I selected†¦in proportion† show this- are replaced by emotional responses ; which for him. is territory unknown- in the same manner Walton seeks to â€Å"ascertain the secrets† or how the Animal wants to understand human behavior at the De Lacy’s. Therefore. we see a connexion between Victor and the Creature- whom he describes as â€Å"miserbale monster† . Furthermore. the fact that Frankenstein can merely react to the Creature’s birth in empirical. scientific observations- â€Å"pearly white dentitions. dull eyes†- constrasts with Elizabeth’s response to William’s death- â€Å"O I have murdered my child† . By portraying Elizabeth in a positive light- she forms an emotional response. which juxtaposes with the unfertile feelings of Frankenstein at the construct of the Creatue. Shelley implies that adult females present a greater grade of humanity- and therefore criticises the male dominated society on education- whilst they may read â€Å"Shakespeare† and â€Å"Agrippa† . adult females will be worldly-wise. ( no uncertainty influence by her feminist female parent ) and that they are necessary to forestall freaks. This thought of the female function is reinforced by the fact that as the novel progresses. the adult females are easy being removed- first his Mother. so Justine and so Elizabeth- â€Å"I saw Elizabeth†¦held the cadaver of my dead mother† . This presents Frankenstein’s mental degregation and finally. the ctalyst for the mosntrous act- so Shelley presents the thought of a duality between adult male and women- Darwin supported this by proposing the hierachy of reproducion- adult male and adult female is better than adult male entirely. However. it could besides be argued that Frankenstein’s scenes augment his monstrousity- we see a sense of isolation- â€Å"solitude† is repeated. connoting that by enforcing self-exile. Frankenstein detaches himself from society and its regulations and that he has become an â€Å"outsider† ( McCrae ) much as the monstrousity that Victor calls the Creature. is besides an foreigner. Indeed the connexion between the two is best examined by the Shelley usage of the mountain-top- â€Å"Chamonuix. where I saw him†- which alludes to the thought of the Creator and Creation meeting ( Hayward ) . both as equal. with both. arguably as montrous. Victor for abondoning the Creature. and the Creature ( for Victor ) a representation fo his failure. By utilizing â€Å"Solitude and â€Å" Filthy Workshop of Creation† . Shelley implies that this isolation leads to ideas of monstrousity- Godwin influecned her argiung it â€Å"was a nusery of madmen† . This separation from society is symbolic excessively. If Geneva is â€Å"Eden† . so by widening against the bounds of knowledge-â€Å"if no adult male broke the rules† suggests no remorse- he cut himself off. much like Lucifer in Paradise Lost- and therefore. Shelley implies that this interior monster within Frankenstein and all of us. can merely be restrained by a balance- whether. male or female . or equal Torahs. The thought that the monstrousity is within Frankenstein ( and hence us ) is suggested by â€Å"wildness in his eyes†- he claims the Animal to be â€Å"wild† . but if the eyes are â€Å"windows to the sould† . Shelley suggests and unconditioned montrosity in him ( and us ) ; an â€Å"id† that is the animal desires. This contrasts the thought of the Monster’s â€Å"dull eyes†- which challenges the thought that the Creature is the monstrosity- this challenge is the ground why Shelley uses the Chinese Box Narrative- the assorted â€Å"narritve eyes† makes us explicate our ain opinion. In fact. the Moster. may be the most human of us all- he â€Å"imitates the physiognamy and manners† in the same manner that Justine did. yet both are treated below the belt. This thought of an unjust intervention alludes to Shelley’s belief that monstorusity exists in society- so whilst we can state it was Victor’s nature to be monstorus ( and that society placed bounds to forestall this ) . the nurturing of him within society is what leads to the freak arguably. In the instance of the Justine. the sarcasm is that she is treated â€Å"un-JUSTlY† reverse to her name- which possibly could be Shelley’s sly mention to her desire for female eqaulity ( influenced by Wollstencraft –the womens rightist motehr ) – a name is afforded to all. and Justine’s name contain’s justice- therefore. when she â€Å"is found guilty†- there is a trangression of nature. in the same manner that Frankenstein transgresses nature by making life. This presents the thought that society is excessively speedy to judge- merely as Frankenstein believes â€Å"seemingly to catch me† . Justine is rapidly found guilty- regardless of Elizabeth’s plea- no admiration Shelley nowadays s the jurisprudence in such a negative light- â€Å"judge†¦meddle in the dark side of human nature† . because it is flawed and makes roseola determinations. Therefore. we see Shelley see society as the monster. To reason. freak is pervades throughout the novel. impacting all characters and being influenced by puting and society. Yet. in the same manner that the Creature was Frankenstein’s creative activity. the novel coould be seen as her monster-shunned by contempories but exposing the reatiy of freak within us all.

Arkansas Economy - about Agriculture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arkansas Economy - about Agriculture - Essay Example According to the survey, it has been revealed that about more than 46% of the rice are supplied to the United States. Top five agricultural products ofArkansas that generate supreme amount of revenue for the state are cotton, broilers, cattle, soybeans and rice. â€Å"The export value of rice generated by Arkansas is 3859 million dollars which is number one in the United States† (Cosidine 19a). The export valued for cotton is at 615 million dollar and it is fourth in the United States. In the crop sector the direct contribution to economy is by providing more than 62,918 jobs and more than 3,062 million dollar value added to the economy of Arkansas. â€Å"In the year 2011, survey states that more than 12.8 billion dollars of value added to the economy of Arkansas† (Considine 26b). This huge revenue is generated which accounted due to enormous agricultural resources. Total contribution to the economy of Arkansas can be direct, indirect and induced contribution. Direct contributions to the economy are generated by the help of forest products and farm production. Some agricultural firms of Arkansas purchase product from other business of same state can generate revenue is known as the indirect contribution to the economy. Contributions generated from employees working in agricultural farms can spend portion of money within Arkansas can benefit the economy of the state. â€Å"In the year 2012, survey states that more than 47,800 farms are located in Arkansas† (USDA 7a). The diversified portfolio of Arkansas profits the state in revenue and which benefit the economy. The net farm income generated from the number of far ms present in Arkansas is 1.4 billion dollar. Estimated amount of export of rice is 1 billion annually. Arkansas is number of export of rice. â€Å"The agriculture of Arkansas enables to create 24% job in the state† (USDA 12b). This resembles the fact the agriculture has become pivotal for Arkansas by creating large number of jobs. The

Entrepreneurship and Small Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Entrepreneurship and Small Business - Essay Example Small businesses are also innovative as they are responsible for many of the new products or services on the market (Fucini and Fucini 1985). These factors have a knock-on effect of increasing employment opportunities, particularly amongst women and minorities who find this as an alternative avenue into business. This can be demonstrated by the high number of Asian, Chinese, Italian and other restaurants across the country. Women are also likely to start their own business as they are sometimes discriminated against when they take maternity leave. As small businesses are mainly innovative or arise from this situation, their organisational culture is of great importance as it influences whether they business can react to its environment; and whether the business can survive int the current environment. Organisational culture is a system of shared values, assumptions, beliefs and norms about the way things are done, and it is often referred to as corporate culture (Bird 1989). Culture is also important to small businesses as it has an impact on organisational effectiveness (Bartol and Martin 1998, Mullins 1999). ... Direction refers to the degree to which a culture supports rather than interferes with, reaching organisational goals (Hisrich and Peters 1995). Small businesses have to maintain a culture that is focussed as they are often striving to achieve growth levels and increase profits. This would not be possible without a direction or focus for the organisation to maintain. Pervasiveness addresses the extent to which a culture is widespread among members, as opposed to being unevenly distributed (Hisrich and Peters 1995). Small business will look at employing individuals who share similar drive and ambition to the entrepreneur. It would defeat the purpose of the small business if individuals who are not passionate about the innovation are employed. Strength refers to the degree to which members accept the values and other aspects of a culture (Hisrich and Peters 1995). The employees also have to believe in the innovation or the small business concept for it to be effective. These three factors embedded in organisational culture demonstrate how important it is for small businesses and entrepreneurs to adopt an enterprise culture, as it will determine how well they can react to factors present in the external environment in which they operate. This paper will briefly demonstrate the characteristics of enterprise culture and how this culture can be affected by the external environment. Enterprise culture Most successful organisations foster an adaptive entrepreneurial culture in which members view growth and change as desirable and believe that they can affect the competitive environment to their advantage, which differs to bureaucratic organisations which are more likely to have members who prefer the status quo and have little faith in their ability to

Analysis of Lady in Black by Francis Cadell Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Lady in Black by Francis Cadell Essay Francis Campbell Boileau Cadell, associated with the Scottish colourists was born in Edinburgh in 1883 and by the age of 16 was studying at the Academie Julian in Paris. During his career he was very much influenced by the Fauvists such as Matisse and on his return to Scotland exhibited much of his own work in Edinburgh Glasgow and London. He died in poverty at the age of 54 after the economic climate made it difficult for him to sell any of his work. He painted landscapes (mainly those of Lona which were a favourite of his), interiors, still life and figures in oil and watercolour but is known most for his portraits of glamorous women. One such portrait, completed in 1921, is ‘Lady in Black’ painted in oil. The painting has a rather macabre mood as the woman within the picture has a reflective expression on her face as if longing for the past. There is a mirror behind her, which may also add to the idea of reflection. She is dressed in black, which adds to the morbid mood as it could indicate she is mourning the death of a loved one. Her body language also expresses sadness as her posture is quite slumped, and the small flowers seen behind her could have been meant for a grave. The shadow over her eyes caused by her large hat makes them look undefined and blurry, giving them a sad, depressed look. The painting itself is also very dark as there is very little light and the colours used are very dull and grey, adding to the dreary mood. The media is used very loosely, in an almost impressionistic manner, which may have sprung from Cadell being exposed to the work of the Impressionists who were active in Paris at the time he was being educated there. He uses strokes of bold colour such as the woman’s lips, the flowers in the background and the pink furniture reflected in the mirror. These strong reds and pinks could symbolise love or passion, which adds emphasis to the woman’s lost love. This piece was more or less typical of the Scottish Colourist movement, but also contains undertones of impressionism as not much line is used; instead different colours are layered on top of each other, as the impressionists were known to do. It is a very realistic piece with a well-expressed dreary, nostalgic mood.

Decision-Making Model Analysis Essay -- Decisions Psychology Decide Es

Decision-Making Model Analysis Decisions! Decisions! Decisions! How do you make decisions? Have you ever asked yourself, â€Å"How did I make that decision?† Whether big or small, important or not so important, decision making is a process. Some people way the pros and cons while others may just flip a coin. Are decisions based on feelings, outcomes or information? Often times if we just go with our gut feeling will be miss out on important information that should be included in our decision. Decision-making can be a cognitive process of selecting a course of action form various options. Some of us are logical. Some of us are risk taking. Either way such characteristics play a role in our decisions. In my experience decision-making can also be based on biases, past experiences, peer pressure, needs and even wants. Recently, I had to make a decision about a new job opportunity. My employer offered me the opportunity to move into a new job with new tasks and responsibilities. I had to consider the position, the responsibilities, the salary and all the alternatives. The opportunity offered a pay increase. It was a tough decision. Now, while I didn’t realize it I actually used a decision-making model to decide upon my best option. Rick Roberts, Director of Career Services at University of North Florida designed a 7-Step Career Decision-Making Model. Roberts believes information is power in decision-making. He states, the more information you have the easier the decision....

Chopper Fed Dc Motor

INTRODUCTION During the nineteenth century, when power supply was dc, dc motors were used extensively to draw power direct from the dc source. The motor speed could be varied by adjusting field current by a rheostat. That was an open loop control. Most of the drives were constant speed and the characteristics could not be matched with a job requirement. A vast development in the dc drives system took place when the ward Leonard Control System was introduced in the 1980s. The system was motor-generator system to deliver power to the drive motor. The supply power available was still dc and dc motor was used to drive the dc generator set at a more or less constant speed. Afterwards when the ac power system came into existence and became popular, ac motors were developed and became attractive owing to their constructional simplicity, ruggedness and lower initial as well as maintenance cost. Machine requiring variable speed drives use the ward Leonard System employing ac motors driving dc motors at a constant speed. In the 1950s electronic came into existence and brought about remarkable improvement in the speed control system. The open- loop manual control system was replaced by close loop feedback control, which resulted in improved response and better accuracy. Initially, gas diodes and ignitrons were developed and ac to dc converters were used to control dc motors. The advent of thyristors capable of handling large current has revolutionized the field of electric power control. Thyratrons, ignitrons, mercury arc rectifiers, magnetic amplifiers and motor generator sets have all been replaced by solid state circuits employing semi-conductor diodes and thyristors. Thyristor controlled drives employing both ac and dc motors find wide applications in industry as variable speed drives. In the 1960s ac power was converted into dc power for direct control of drive motors with solid state devices (high power silicon diodes and silicon controlled rectifiers). Initially saturable reactors were employed in conjunction with power silicon rectifiers for dc drives. Of late solid state circuits using semi- conductor diodes and thyristors are becoming popular for controlling the speed of ac and dc otors and are progressively replacing the traditional electric power control circuit based on thyratrons, ignitrons, mercury arc rectifiers, magnetic amplifiers, motor-generator sets, etc as compared to the electric and electro-mechanical systems of speed control. The electronic system has higher accuracy, greater reliability, and quick response and also has higher efficiency as there is no I2R losses and moving parts. Moreover four-quadrant speed control is possi ble to meet precise high standards. All electronic circuits control the speed of the motor by controlling either, ? The voltage applied to the motor armature or ? The field current or ? Both of the above DC motors can be run from dc supply if available or from ac supply, after it has been converted to dc supply with the help of rectifiers which can be either half wave or full wave and either controlled ( by varying the conduction angle of the thyristors used) or uncontrolled. AC motors can be run on the ac supply or from dc supply, after it has been converted into ac supply with the help of inverters (opposite of rectifiers). As stated above, the average output voltage of a thyristors controlled rectifiers by changing its conduction angle and hence the armature voltage can be adjusted to control its speed. When run on a dc supply, the armature dc voltage can be changed with the help of uncontrolled rectifiers (using only diodes and not thyristors). The dc voltages so obtained can be then chopped with the help of a thyristors chopper circuit. In this method of speed control of a dc motor, available ac supply is first rectified into dc supply using uncontrolled rectifiers. The supply is then filtered and smooth ended dc output is supplied to the thyristors chopper. It allows dc to flow through for the time Ton and then disconnects for the time Toff. This cycle is repeated. During supply-on period (i. e. for the time period Ton) the dc motor gets supply and accelerates. During the supply off period Toff (i. e. for the time period Toff) there is no supply to the motor and the motor decelerates till the next on cycle begins. If the cycles repeated continuously at a definite frequency and the elements of the cycle are maintained in a fixed relationship, the motor will then operate at a constant voltage across the motor will be, V0 = (V*Ton)/(Ton +Toff) = (V*Ton)/T = f*V*Ton The dc voltage across the motor can be control by varying the Time Ratio Control (TRC) which may be accomplished by, ? Varying the duration of the on-time, Ton keeping the total time period, T or frequency, f constant ? Keeping the on- time, Ton constant and varying the frequency, f. ? Varying both. The Variable dc voltage below the supply dc voltage is made available to the dc motor and therefore, the motor speed available is below base speed. For automatic control of speed, both current feedback and speed feedback is used. BRIEF DISCUSSION ON CHOPPER A dc chopper is a static device used to obtain variable dc voltage from a source of constant dc voltage. The dc chopper offers great efficiency, faster response, smooth control, lower maintenance, small size, etc. Solid state chopper due to various advantages are widely used in the battery operated vehicles, traction motor control, control of a large number of dc motors from a common dc bus with a considerable improvement of power factor. PRINCIPLE OF CHOPPER OPERATION: A chopper is a thyristors on/ off switch that connects load to and disconnects it from the supply and produces a chopped load voltage from a constant input voltage. The chopper is represented by a thyristors (SCR). It is triggered periodically and is kept conducting for a period Ton and is blocked for a period Toff. During the period Ton, when the chopper is on, the supply terminals is connected to the load terminals. And during the interval Toff when the chopper is off, load current flows from the freewheeling diode Df. So, the load terminals are short circuited by Df and load voltage is therefore zero during Toff. Hence the chopper dc voltage is produced at the load terminals. Now, the average load voltage, Eo is given by Eo = Edc*? [? =Duty Cycle=(Ton/Toff)] Or, Eo = Edc*(Ton/T) [T=Ton + Toff] So the voltage can be varied by varying the duty cycle, ? of the chopper. CLASSIFICATION OF CHOPPER: Power semiconductor devices are used in chopper circuits are uni-directional device. A chopper can however operate in any of the four quadrants by an appropriate arrangement of semiconductor devices. These characteristics of their operation in any of the four quadrants form the basis of their classification as, 1. Type-A or First Quadrant Chopper 2. Type-B or Second Quadrant Chopper. 3. Type-C or Two Quadrant Type-A Chopper 4. Type-D or Two Quadrant or Type-B Chopper 5. Type-E or Four Quadrant Chopper. PERFORMANCE EQUATION OF DC MOTORS The equivalent circuit and on its basis the performance equation of a separately-excited dc Motor and series dc motor are presented below. ? Separately-excited dc motor: The equivalent circuit of a separately-excited dc motor coupled with a load under steady state condition is shown in the fig 4. 1. The load torque, TL opposes the electro-magnetic torque, Te. For the field circuit, Vf = If*rf For the armature circuit, Vt = Ia + Ia*ra Motor back emf or armature emf, Ea=Ka ? Ia=Km? m ————– (4. 1) Te=ka ? Ia = KmIa Also, Te = D wm + TL where, rf=Field circuit resistance in ohm, Ia=Armature current in A, Vt=Motor terminal voltage in V, ra=Armature circuit resistance in ohm, Km=Ka ?=Torque constant in Nm/A*emf constant in V-sec/rad, m=Angular speed of motor in rad/sec, D=Viscous friction constant in Nm-sec/rad. Electromagnetic power, P=wmTe watts From equation (1), Ea=Kmwm=Vt-Iara Or wm= (Vt – Iara)/Km= (Vt – Iara)/Ka ? ——————– (4. 1) So it is seen from equation (4. 2) that speed can be controlled by varying, ? Armature terminal voltage, Vt : This method is k nown as Armature-voltage control. Speed below base speed is obtained by this method. ? Field flux, ? : This method is known as Field flux control. Speed above base speed is obtained by this method. ? DC Series Motor: In a dc series motor, field winding is in series with the armature circuit. It is designed to carry the rated armature current. The fig. shows the equivalent circuit of a dc series motor driving load with load torque, TL. For the armature circuit, Vt = Ea + Ia ( ra+ rs ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (4. 3) Te = Ka ? Ia For no saturation in the magnetic circuit, ? = CIa Hence, Te = KaCIa2 = KIa2 Also, Ea = Ka ? wm = KaCIawm = KIawm From eqn (4. 3), Vt = KIawm + Ia (ra + rs) = Ia [ Kwm + (ra + rs)] Or, speed wm = (Vt/ KIa) – (ra +rs)/K †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (4. 4) where, rs = Series field resistance in ohm, K = KaC = constant in Nm/A2 or in V-sec/ A- rad. CLOSED LOOP CONTROL OF CHOPPER FED DC MOTOR For practical purposes motors are required to operate at desired speed with low losses to meet the desired load –torque characteristics which depends on the armature current. Suppose a motor is operating at a particular speed an suddenly a load is applied, the speed falls and the motors takes time to come up to the desired speed . but a speed feed back with an inner current loop provides faster response to any disturbance in speed command ,load torque and supply voltage. Another reason for the requirement of feedback loop in dc drives is that, the armature of a large motor represents very small impedance which when supplied with nominal voltage would result in an excessive current of up to 10 times the nominal value. Under normal conditions, this is prevented by the induced armature voltage, E which cancels most of the applied voltage, Va so that only the difference is driving the armature current, Ia. But under transient conditions or steady state over load of the motor, there is always a danger of excessive currents due to sudden torque demand and rapidly changing armature voltage or speed . t is therefore important to provide a fast current or torque limit to protect the motor, the power supply and the load. This is best realized by feedback control establishing an effective safe guard against electrical and mechanical stresses. In it the output of the speed controller, Ec is applied to the current limiter which sets the reference current, Ia (ref erence) for the current loop. the armature current is sensed by a current sensor, after being filtered by an active filter to remove ripples which is then compared with the reference current, Ia (ref. the error current is processed through a current controller whose output, Vc adjusts the firing angle of the chopper and brings the motor speed to the desired value. Any positive speed error caused by an increased in either speed command or load torque demand can produce a high reference current, Ia (ref) the motor accelerates to correct the speed error and finally settles down at any reference current, Ia(ref) which makes the motor torque equal to the load torque resultant in a speed error closed to zero. For any large positive speed error, current limiter saturates and limits the reference currents, Ia (ref) to a maximum value, Ia (max) the speed error is then corrected at the maximum permissible armature current ,Ia(max)until the speed error becomes small and the current limiters comes out of the saturation . normally ,the speed error is corrected with the Ia less than the maximum permissible armature current, Ia max. For speeds below the base speeds, the field error, Ef is large and the field controller saturates thereby applying the maximum ield voltage and current. The speed control from zero to base speed is normally done at the maximum field by armature voltage control. When the speed is closed to the base speed, Va is almost near the rated value and field controller comes out of saturation. The speed control above base speed is generally done by field weakening at the rated armature voltage. In the field control loop, the back emf Eb is compared with a reference voltage , Eb ( ref) the value of which is generally between 0. 85 to 0. 95 of the rated armature voltage. For a speed command above the base speed, the speed error causes a higher value of Va then motor accelerates, back emf , Eb increases and field error, Ef decreases. The field current when decreases and the motor speed continue to increase until it reaches the desired speed. In this mode of operation, the drive responds slowly due to large field time constant. A full converter is generally used in the field because it has the ability to reverse the voltage thereby reducing the field current much faster as compared to the semi converter. MODELING AND OBSERVATIONS ? Modeling using Matlab: ? DC Motor with Load Parameter given: Voltage = 220v Current = 6. 2A Ra = 4 ohm La = 0. 072H Speed = 1470 rpm J = 0. 0607 kg-m2 Kb= 1. 26v/rad/sec Bt =0. 0869N-m/rad/sec Parameters calculated: Ta=La/Ra= 0. 02sec Tm=j/Bt =0. 7sec K1 = Bt/[KB2 + Ra Bt] =0. 0449 -1/T1 – 1/T2 =-1/2[Bt/J +Ra/La] + sqre[1/4(Bi/J + Ra/La)2-{(Kb2 + Ra Bt ) /JLa}] T1 = 0. 1077sec T2 = 0. 0208sec Tm = J/Bt = 0. 7sec DC MotorTransfer function: I(s)/V(s) =[k1(1+sTm)]/ [(1+sT1)(1+sT2)]= [0. 032s+0. 045]/[0. 002s2+0. 4s+1] wm(s)/I(s)= Kb/Bt(1+sTm) =14. 5/(1+0. 75) Converter Transfer function Kr =1. 35V/Vcm =1. 35*230/10 =31. 05V/v Tr = 1/12*Fs = 1/12*50 =0. 00166sec T. F = kr/(1+sTr) =31. 05/(1+0. 00166s) Design of Current Controller Tc=T2=0. 0208sec K = T1/2Tr = 0. 1077/2*0. 00166 = 32. 43 Kc = KTc/k1HCKrTm =32. 43 *0. 0208/0. 0449*1*31. 05*0. 7 =0. 69 Transfer function Gc(s) = Kc(1+sTc)/sTc = 0. 69(1+0. 0208s)/0. 0208s = 0. 69 + 0. 0143s/0. 0208s Current Loop I(s)/I*(s) = Ki/(1+sTi) Ti = T3/1+ kfi Ki = kfi/Hc(1+ kfi) Kfi = KcKrKiTmHc/Tc Kfi = 0. 9*31. 05*0. 0449*0. 7*1/0. 0208 Kfi = 32. 44 Ki = Kfi/HC(1+ Kfi) Kfi = 32. 44/1*(1+32. 44) Kfi = 0. 97 Ti = T3/(1+ Kfi) = T1+Tr/(1+ Kfi) = 0. 1077+0. 00166/1+32. 44 = 0. 0032sec Speed controller Design T4 = Ti + Tw K2 = Ki Kb Hw /Bt Tm K2 = 0. 97*1. 26*1/0. 0869*0. 7 K2 = 20. 092 KS = 1/(2 Kt T4) KS = 1/2*20. 092*0. 0032 KS = 7. 77 Ts = 4T4 =4*0. 0032 Ts = 0. 0128 Transfer function T. F = KS (1+sTS)/sTS = 7. 77(1+0. 0128s)/0. 0128s = (7. 77 + 0. 0994)/0. 0128s ? Modeling using PSIM: Parameters Given: Source (Vdc) = 800V Transistor (npn): Saturation Voltage = 0 Initial Position = 0 Current Flag = 1 Gating Block (G): Frequency = 50Hz Number of Points = 2 Switching Points = [0 180] Diode (D): Diode Voltage Drop = 0 Initial Position = 0 Current Flag = 0 Inductor (L): Inductance = 0. 01 Initial Current = 0A Current Flag = 0 Capacitor (C): Capacitance = 0. 00005F Initial Capacitive Voltage = 0V Current Flag = 0 DC MOTOR (DCM): Ra = 0. 055 ohm La = 0. 01H Rf = 55 ohm Lf = 0. 02H MI = 0. 2 Vt = 440V Ia = 80A If = 4A n = 1500rpm Torque Flag = 0 Master/Slave Flag = 1 Field Source = 400V Speed Sensor (Ws): Gain = 1 Simulation Control: Time Step = 1e-005 Total Time = 0. 02 Print Time = 0 Print Step = 1 Load Flag = 0 Slave Flag = 0 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS DC drives are highly versatile energy conversion devices. It can meet the demand of loads requiring high starting, accelerating and decelerating torques. At the same time dc drives are easily adaptable for wide range of speed control and quick reversal. So, in industrial application where accurate control of speed and / or torque is required chopper controlled dc drives are unrivalled. Therefore, chopper controlled dc motors are universally employed in steel and aluminum mills, power shovels, electric elevators, railway locomotives and large earth moving equipments. Uses o Various Chopper Controlled DC drives with reasons: | | | | |Types of DC drives |Applications |Advantages | | | |Accurate speed control can be done. |Separately Excited dc drives |Used in paper mills, steel rolling |Variation of speed from very high to low value can be| | |mills, diesel-electric propulsion of |done | | |ships, etc. | | | | |Starting torque is very high upto 500%. | | |Maximum momentary operating torque is upto 400%. | | | |Speed regulation is widely variable. It is very high | |Series dc drive |Used in hoists, cranes, conveyors, |at no load. | | |trolley-cars, electric locomotives, |Speed control by series field. | | |etc. | | |Used in lathes, centrifugal pumps, |Starting torque is medium, usually limited to 250% by| |Constant speed dc shunt drive |reciprocating pumps, fans, blo wers, |a starting resistance but may be increased. | | |conveyors, spinning and weaving |Maximum momentary operating torque is usually limited| | |machines, etc. to about 200% by commutation. | | | |Speed regulation is about 5-10 %. | | | |Speed increases about 200% by field control and | | | |decreases by armature voltage control. | | |Starting torque is medium, usually limited to 250% by| | | |a starting resistance but may be increased. | | | |Maximum momentary operating torque is usually limited| |Adjustable speed dc shunt drives |Used for application requiring |to about 200% by commutation. | |adjustable speed control, either | | | |constant torque or constant output. | | SCOPE OF MODIFICATIONS Chopper controlled dc drives are widely used in hoists, cranes, elevators, shears, crushers, conveyor, blending mills, punch presses, air compressors, ice making machines, tractions, etc. So these drives should be modified in the following ways to make them more efficient and accurate, 1. The chopper controlled dc motors should be made with large diameter armatures and large pole size of reduced height. 2. The yoke as well as the main and commutating poles should be well laminated to reduce the eddy current effect and to improve the commutation. 3. Large numbers of commutator bars should be used to reduce the voltage between the commutator segments and to improve the commutation. 4. The commutator should be made larger in order to provide extra insulation to withstand large and rapid voltage fluctuations. 5. Compensating windings should be used in large motors to reduce the armature reactions effects. 6. The current densities used for the armature and Interpol windings should be reduced as compared to the conventional dc motors of the same frame size and rating in order to reduce the effect of heating of armature and Interpol. 7. Low inertia armature should be employed for improving the response. 8. Split brushes of good commutating quality should be used for reducing the effect of transformer voltage in the coil undergoing commutations. 9. Better class of insulation should be used to allow higher temperature rise and dissipation of more losses from a given frame. 10. Now a days chopper controlled dc drives are widely used in the automobile industries. So, it should have high efficiency and accuracy, light weight, low maintenance cost. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Electric Drives – Ramakrishnan, Prentice Hall India. 2. Power Electronics – P. S. Bimbhra, Khanna Publishers. 3. Software: MATLAB 6. 5 and PSIM.

Biography on Augustus Emperor Of Rome

Some of you might know me by my birth name, Gaius Octavius Thurinus, or Augustus meaning â€Å"the revered one† the title I have earned and have been granted by the senate of Rome. I’m the first emperor of Rome, and of course many of you might also recognize me as the nephew of my great uncle Julius Caesar. I’ve been ruling Rome from 27 BC – 14AD. It almost feels as I have been supporting Rome since 63 BC the year I was born. Due to the fact that my father Gaius Octavius governor of Macedonia on 61 B.C died as I was growing up, at the age of four, because I had only my mother Atia Balba Caesonia. I was adopted and raised very closely by my uncle Gaius Julius Caesar or as many of you know him as the â€Å"Great Julius Caesar† who I admirably look up to and thanks to him I have learned and followed the Roman ruling system very well. I have followed Caesar throughout many battles and have succeeded many times. Because of many events I have been in I have been given many names such as Octavius following events from 63 – 44BC, Octavian following events from 44 – 27 BC, and finally Augustus following events after 27 BC. I have fought in about 222 battles and have won about 199 of them. My uncle has taught me very well considering he is a man of no pity known as the slayer of men’s. During my time in Spain around 45BC with the Great Caesar I have in honor fought in the battle of Munda, where I honorably shared and cherished one of my last battles with my uncle Julius Caesar. I do recognize that I’m what I am today because of the great dedication and enormous support I have received from him. My reign as emperor just started after meeting my uncle Julius Caesar who had asked me to be part of his military group. I was to meet with him in the northern part of Spain, but to my regret of sailing out in a bad winter month I got stuck behind with my shipped wrecked and worst of all stuck in enemy land of the Barbarians. Although many of my followers admired my bravery it wasn’t too smart to sail out in weather like that especially when I knew my ship could have suffered the consequence of being scraped down by rocks. After my training with Caesar we were to return to Rome and make my successful training a big part of Uncle Caesar’s army and also to have some time off to rest considering my uncle was suffering from illnesses such as epilepsy and dizziness. It was now the month of March in 44 BC and my uncle is expected to die any day. Although I knew I should stay with him I had to return to Illyricum to prepare for the Parthian campaign my uncle was running and had been planning for a long time. To my surprise my uncle was murdered on March 15, 44 B.C portrayed and assassinated by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longins, and many others who were against Julius Caesar. I was so frustrated, so mad and felt the urge to take revenge, but I knew I was also in danger of being next so I had to handle this in a very calm manner. I knew I had the potential to get back at them with no problem from all the experience and all the tactics I had learned throughout all my years of training with the one and only â€Å"Julius Caesar†. The assassination of my uncle changed my characters and my perception especially towards the people I had entrusted to protect me as well as all those I was attached to. It did not come to me as a surprise to find out that my uncle Caesar had named me as the rightful heir of the Roman Empire. This is because of the cordial relationship between my uncle and I when he was alive. Also, my uncle Caesar had not only trusted me in many matters but also had instilled in me various vital leadership skills (Baker 67). I could only honor his actions of delegating me as the emperor by popularizing his name, since he was dead already. I therefore decided to change my name to his; I changed my name to Julius Caesar Octavianus. With the murder of my uncle, I knew that Rome was a dangerous place. I knew that I had to be strong in my ruling. Therefore, it was crucial that I adopted various strategies that would help me rule with an iron fist. One of the strategies that I adopted was to make alliances with strong willed and experienced individuals in my empire. I hence formed an uneasy alliance with some of Julius Caesar’s soldiers in 44 B.C, Mark Anthony and the general Marcus Lepidus were the individuals that I deemed appropriate and worthy of forming an alliance with. The alliance was later referred to as the Second Triumvirate. We spent some good times with my fellow soldiers. The good times were comprised of activities of successfully conquering our common enemies. However, the alliance was not long lived. The problem arose when Marcus Lepidus and I realized that Mark Anthony was having a not only romantic but also political affair and alliance with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra. This relationship was clearly a lethal one in relation to our own alliance and just as we had expected it marked the end of the alliance. We therefore turned against Anthony and dissolved our coalition and alliance. Antony and Cleopatra combined forces and waged war on me. However, I was able to successfully defeat their combined forces in the naval battle of Actium in 31 BC. The positive consequence of this action is that I was clearly labeled as the absolute power in Rome. It is in the 27 BC that I decided to further add and change my names. After all, I was the absolute Roman Senate ever to live. I added the name and title Augustus. This name means majestic or divine. These were attributes I believed that I possessed not only then, but also right now as I write. One summer, I was able to leave Rome for a tour to Gaul and Spain. This journey helped to keep me away from Rome until 24 BC. This trip was as a result of careful thinking I had previously done regarding my positions and responsibilities in the Roman Empire. Therefore, I deemed this choice of action as wise and thoughtful of me. I still don’t regret anything today. It was crucial that I leave the public eye for some time while the new political settlements in Rome took effect and root. Agrippa and Maecenas, my close and trusted aides were responsible for supervising the overall political and administrative matter in Rome while I was away. The summer after I returned to Rome, the â€Å"Second Constitutional Settlement† was staged. Consequently, at around this time, a clear conspiracy was able to be unearthed. The two individuals involved, that is, Fannius Caepio and Varro Murena were brought to justice. The desirable and consequently ultimate punishment of execution was given to the two principals. While the main settlements of 23 and 27 B.C. rooted the basis of Augustus’s position, further refinements were necessary. Just as the settlement of 27 B.C., I decided to leave Rome for the East. This was in 22 BC (Everitt 137). Before I left, I was forced to refuse various offers of the perpetual consulship or dictatorship pressed on to me by the individuals, who appeared to have wholly missed the subtleties of the Second Settlement the year before. Over the coming years, I was able to receive, piecemeal, some considerable number of privileges and honors. In the previous year of 23 BC I was given the right to convene the senate whenever I deemed fit (ius primae relationis). In 22 BC, I was appointed to oversee the supply of grain in Rome. In 19 BC, I returned to Rome again from the East. Upon my return, I was further accorded censorial powers for a period of five years (Fagan 32). Further, when Lepidus finally died, in 12 BC, I became the chief priest (pntifex maximus). Further, in 2 BC, I was given the title of â€Å"Father of my Country† (Pater Patriae). This is the title that made me immensely proud of my achievements till then (Eck 24). This title placed me in a cordial relationship with the Roman state analogous to that of a paterfamilias over my overall charges. I was therefore supposed to be in complete control over everything in Rome. Further, there was my membership of all the colleges of priests, many symbolic privileges, and the matter of auctoritas. The intricate edifice deeply entrenched in me was at heart, a sham. I could term it as a successful sham as the larger majority of citizens were able to believe in it and me. Further, the fact that there was a political genius in me was not questionable. The slow and careful acquisition of overarching power and authority in almost all the areas of public life were activities aided by the fact that I was a political genius. At all the steps of the way, from the oath of 32 BC and the constitutional settlements through the honors and privileges conferred upon me piecemeal, I could present myself as the passive partner. It is interesting to note that at all times; it is the people of Rome and the senate that showered me with more power voluntarily. Unlike my uncle Caesar, I sought nothing for myself. Indeed, I often showed reluctance to accepting some of the powers, offices and honors accorded to me. My life as the most favored emperor of Rome was clearly satisfying. I knew that succession problems were due to come since most of the powers I had were as a result of the senate’s and the citizens’ decisions. I had a particular feeling that if one of my family members was not able to succeed me in the empire, I could die and leave Rome infested with civil war. In any case, I am proud that I lived a full life; one full of activities and sacrifices for my country that saw me climb the ladder of power with ease. I do hope that the future generations will be able to read my autobiography and that my name will be recognized through successive generations.