Biography of Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) was a Genoese navigator and explorer. In the late 15th century, Columbus believed that it would be possible to reach the lucrative markets of eastern Asia by heading west, instead of the traditional route which went east around Africa. He convinced Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain to support him, and he set off in August of 1492. The rest is history: Columbus discovered the Americas, which had been unknown until then. All in all, Columbus made four different journeys to the New World. Early Life Columbus was born to a middle-class family of weavers in Genoa (now part of Italy) which was a city well-known for explorers. He rarely spoke of his parents. It is believed that he was ashamed to have come from such a mundane background. He left a sister and a brother behind in Italy. His other brothers, Bartholomew and Diego, would accompany him on most of his travels. As a young man he traveled extensively, visiting Africa and the Mediterranean and learning how to sail and navigate. Appearance and Personal Habits Columbus was tall and lean, and had red hair which turned prematurely white. He had a fair complexion and a somewhat reddish face, with blue eyes and a hawkish nose. He spoke Spanish fluently but with an accent which was difficult for people to place. In his personal habits he was extremely religious and somewhat prudish. He rarely swore, attended mass regularly, and often devoted his Sundays entirely to prayer. Later in life, his religiosity would increase. He took to wearing the simple robe of a barefoot friar around court. He was a fervent millenarist, believing that the end of the world was near. Personal Life Columbus married a Portuguese woman, Felipa Moniz Perestrelo, in 1477. She came from a semi-noble family with useful maritime connections. She died giving birth to a son, Diego, in 1479 or 1480. In 1485, while in Cà ³rdoba, he met young Beatriz Enrà ­quez de Trasierra, and they lived together for a time. She bore him an illegitimate son, Fernando. Columbus made many friends during his travels and he corresponded with them frequently. His friends included dukes and other noblemen as well as powerful Italian merchants. These friendships would prove useful during his frequent hardships and bouts of bad luck. A Journey West Columbus may have conceived of the idea of sailing west to reach Asia as early as 1481 due to his correspondence with an Italian scholar, Paolo del Pozzo Toscaneli, who convinced him it was possible. In 1484, Columbus made a pitch to King Joà £o of Portugal, who turned him down. Columbus proceeded to Spain, where he first proposed such a trip in January of 1486. Ferdinand and Isabella were intrigued, but they were occupied with the reconquest of Granada. They told Columbus to wait. In 1492, Columbus had just about given up (in fact, he was on his way to see the King of France) when they decided to sponsor his trip. First Voyage Columbus’ first voyage began on August 3, 1492. He had been given three ships: the Nià ±a, the Pinta and the flagship Santa Maria. They headed west and on October 12, sailor Rodrigo de Triana spotted land. They first landed on an island Columbus named San Salvador: there is some debate today as to which Caribbean island it was. Columbus and his ships visited several other islands including Cuba and Hispaniola. On December 25, the Santa Maria ran aground and they were forced to abandon her. Thirty-nine men were left behind at the settlement of La Navidad. Columbus returned to Spain in March of 1493. Second Voyage Although in many ways the first voyage was a failure–Columbus lost his biggest ship and did not find the promised route west–the Spanish monarchs were intrigued with his discoveries. They financed a second voyage, whose purpose was to establish a permanent colony. 17 ships and over 1,000 men set sail in October, 1493. When they returned to La Navidad, they discovered that everyone had been killed by irate natives. They founded the city of Santo Domingo with Columbus in charge, but he was forced to return to Spain in March of 1496 to obtain supplies to keep the starving colony alive. Third Voyage Columbus returned to the New World in May of 1498. He sent half of his fleet to resupply Santo Domingo and set off to explore, eventually reaching the north-eastern part of South America. He returned to Hispaniola and resumed his duties as governor, but the people despised him. He and his brothers were bad administrators and kept much of the little wealth generated by the colony for themselves. When the crisis reached a peak, Columbus sent to Spain for help. The crown sent Francisco de Bobadilla as governor: he soon identified Columbus as the problem and sent him and his brothers back to Spain in chains in 1500. Fourth Voyage Already in his fifties, Columbus felt he had one more trip in him. He convinced the Spanish crown to finance one more journey of discovery. Although Columbus had proven a poor governor, there was no doubting his sailing and discovery skills. He left in May of 1502 and arrived to Hispaniola just ahead of a major hurricane. He sent a warning to the 28-ship fleet about to depart for Spain to delay but they ignored him, and 24 of the ships were lost. Columbus explored more of the Caribbean and part of Central America before his ships rotted. He spent a year on Jamaica before being rescued. He returned to Spain in 1504. Legacy of Christopher Columbus Columbus’ legacy can be difficult to sort out. For many years, he was thought to have been the man who â€Å"discovered† America. Modern historians believe that the first Europeans to the New World were Nordic and arrived several hundred years before Columbus to the northern shores of North America. Also, many Native Americans from Alaska to Chile dispute the notion that the Americas needed to be â€Å"discovered† in the first place, as the two continents were home to millions of people and countless cultures in 1492. Columbus’ accomplishments should be considered in conjunction with his failures. The â€Å"discovery† of America would certainly have taken place within 50 years of 1492 had Columbus not ventured west when he did. Advances in navigation and ship construction made contact between the hemispheres inevitable. Columbus’ motives were mostly monetary, with religion a close second. When he failed to find gold or a lucrative trade route, he began collecting slaves: he believed that a trans-Atlantic slave trade would be quite lucrative. Fortunately, the Spanish monarchs outlawed this, but still, many Native American groups correctly remember Columbus as the New World’s first slaver. Columbus’ ventures were often failures. He lost the Santa Marà ­a on his first voyage, his first colony was massacred, he was a terrible governor, he was arrested by his own colonists, and on his fourth and last voyage he managed to strand some 200 men on Jamaica for a year. Perhaps his greatest failure was his inability to see what was right before him: the New World. Columbus never accepted that he had not found Asia, even when the rest of Europe was convinced that the Americas were something previously unknown. Columbus’ legacy was once very bright–he was considered for sainthood at one time–but now he is remembered as much for the bad as the good. Many places still bear his name and Columbus Day is still celebrated, but he is once again a man and not a legend. Sources: Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present.. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962 Thomas, Hugh. Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan. New York: Random House, 2005.

Essay on Real Women Have Curves - 1048 Words

Adam Milkovich Professor David Finley English 101 20 April 2012 Women in Unfair Work Conditions: The Fight Over Independence or Family! The play Real Women Have Curves was written by Josefina Lopez, it depicted the hard ships of immigrant female workers and the power and strength of women working together as one. About a decade later a movie was made. However the movie Real Women Have Curves still shows the same struggles these women in the play face and also shows how strong women working together can be. The key differences from the movie and the play are that they depict two different stories and almost give off completely different messages, especially when the movie has†¦show more content†¦In the play the men are made out as bad guys and Ana is waiting to hear from NYU through financial aid. More so in the movie it is Ana’s mom who does not want her to go away to college and make a better life for her only because she want’s Ana to grow up how she grew up. Ana strives to be an independent woman who wants to find love. But her mom just wants her to find a husband to take care of her. Ana even goes as far as telling her mother â€Å"Why is a women’s virginity the only thing that matters? I have thoughts, feelings, and opinions.† (Real) her mother looks at her weird. On the other hand there is Ana’s teacher Mr. Guzman, who sees the benefits from sending Ana to college and leaver her dirty old neighborhood. Mr. Guzman helps Ana out by pulling some strings at Colombia University. He also tells her to apply for scholarships, but when she doesn’t he shows up at her house. When she did get into Colombia University the first person to tell her was Mr. Guzman. Ana’s mother does not support Ana leaving for college and leaving the family. Even on the day does leave, her mom doesn’t even say goodbye to her own daughter. Another difference in the movie from the play is the obvious different points of view. 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The resistance of these gender norms is not a challenge to others but away to voice the opinion that I am my own person and not somebody else. Anna from the film ‘Real Women have Curves† and Mari from the film â€Å"Mosquita y Mari† have a strong dislike for their families and want something else then what theirRead MoreGender Roles, Feminism, And Feminism855 Words   |  4 PagesCorrespondently to breaking down gender roles, feminism plays an important role in Chicana/o literature. In Lopez’s Real Women Have Curves feminism is defined in accordance to the Chicana/o community and differently from 60s and 70s white feminism that did not considered intersectionalities (Ruiz, Lecture, 4/5/16). In the play Ana tries to empower the women by preaching about the power of taking control of their bodies, sexuality, and ultimate their destiny; however Estela harshly stops her with:

Quality Management and Answer A. Free Essays

string(48) " entrepreneurs exhibit certain characteristics\." MGC1 Principals of Management Assessment Correct Answers are in RED I Scored 64% ( 33/51 ) 1. A value chain is the sequence of activities that begins with raw materials. What result does a value chain end with? Choose 1 answer A. We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Management and Answer A. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Outsourcing or insourcing B. Supply and demand C. Delivery of products or services D. Operations and logistics C 2. What happens when an effective value chain is created? Choose 1 answer A. Total quality management is not required. B. Profit margins are increased. C. Customized products are standardized. D. A mission statement is developed. B 3. Industry and market analysis, competitor analysis, and social analysis are examples of which step in the strategic planning process? Choose 1 answer A. Analysis of internal strengths and weaknesses B. Analysis of external opportunities and threats C. Analysis of mission, vision, and goals D. Analysis of management implementation B 4. Skilled management, positive cash flow, and well-known brands are examples of which component of the SWOT analysis? Choose 1 answer A. Opportunities B. Strenghts C. Threats D. Weaknesses B 5. What denotes skills or expertise in an activity that constitutes the roots f competitiveness in an organization? Choose 1 answer A. Strategic values B. Opportunities and threats C. Products and services D. Core competencies D X 6. According to Michael Porter’s competitive environment model, how can suppliers influence strategic planning? Choose 1 answer A. Suppliers can reduce the numbers of new entrants in the market. B. Suppliers can reduce the threat from substitute products. C. Suppliers can reduce manufacturing time and increase product quality. D. Supplier can reduce technological, demographic, and legal threats in the environment. X B 7. A company offers unique products in its industry to create a competitive advantage. Which type of strategy is the company using? Choose 1 answer A. Standardization B. Valorization C. Customization D. Differentiation D X 8. Happy Inc. is a leading provider of family entertainment and BCD is a broadcasting company with news, cable, and entertainment networks. Happy Inc. recently acquired BCD in hopes of boosting its primary business of family entertainment. Which type of corporate strategy is represented by Happy Inc. ‘s purchase of their distribution network? Choose 1 answer A. Horizontal benchmarking B. Vertical integration C. Networking D. Strategic alliances X C 9. A local business has provided services to its customers for 40 years. The business’s mission is â€Å"To give our customers the best service in town. † The owner of the business has had a long-standing dream to franchise the business and become the best provider of its service in the United States. What describes the owner’s dream? Choose 1 answer A. Strategic management B. Strategic vision C. Strategic mission D. Strategic planning B 10. What is the first step of organizational strategic planning? Choose 1 answer A. Developing a strategic mission B. Developing internal strengths C. Developing operational goals D. Developing external opportunities A X 11. The introduction of statistical tools to analyze the causes of product defects is associated with which quality improvement approach? Choose 1 answer A. Flexible Process B. Six Sigma C. Quality Customization D. Customer Process X C 12. What is the principal idea of reengineering? Choose 1 answer A. To analyze system failures B. To focus on creating two-way exchanges with customers C. To improve total quality in all businesses for the benefit of producers and consumers D. To revolutionize key organizational systems and processes C 13. How many defects per million are there at Six Sigma, assuming a product or process is defect-free 99. 99966% of the time? Choose 1 answer A. Less than 6. 6 B. Less than 3. 4 C. Less than 4. 4 D. Less than 5. 3 B 14. What is the last step to Deming’s 14 points of quality management? Choose 1 answer A. To evaluate options provided by management B. To break down barriers among departments C. To take action to accomplish the transformation D. To cease dependence on mass inspection C X 15. Process checklists and project audits are components of which management process? Choose 1 answer A. Quality Assurance B. Quality Control C. Quality Cooperative D. Quality Collaboration X B 16. What is the main objective of an internal quality audit? Choose 1 answer A. To determine the quality of an organization’s executive management B. To measure effectiveness of an organization’s quality management system C. To gauge the quality of human resources D. To assess the quality of control process failures B X 17. A company is trying to systematically improve processes by eliminating nonconformity of their products to product specifications. The company believes their continuous effort to reduce variation in their process outputs is key to their business success. Which quality process is the company utilizing? Choose 1 answer A. Six Sigma B. ISO 9000 C. Continuous processing D. Reengineering X C 18. Which concept entails all aspects of interaction a company has with its customers in both sales and service-related environments? Choose 1 answer A. Customer association organization B. Customer liaison administration C. Customer connection society D. Customer relationship management D 19. Dr. Ohmae indicates that customer, corporation, and competitors should be integrated in a strategic triangle. What does Dr. Ohmae indicate that an organization can obtain by doing this? Choose 1 answer A. Sustained competitive advantage B. Time-based competition C. Decentralization of the organization D. Coordination of mutual adjustment A 20. What designates those who take hands-on responsibility for creating innovation such as new ideas, products, or methods within an organization? Choose 1 answer A. Controller B. Pacesetter C. Intrapreneur D. Franchiser C X 21. Why is innovation an important element of entrepreneurship? Choose 1 answer A. Allows the company to meet industry benchmarks B. Creates unique and different products or services C. Buffers the impact of changes in the legal environment D. Reduces marketing costs for the company X A X 22. Most successful entrepreneurs exhibit certain characteristics. You read "Quality Management and Answer A." in category "Essay examples" Some entrepreneurs are open-minded, able to learn quickly, and skilled at conceptualizing. Which entrepreneurial personality trait is this? Choose 1 answer A. Competitive intelligence B. Tolerance of risk, ambiguity, and uncertainty C. Creativity, self-reliance, and ability to adapt D. Opportunity obsession X A 23. Which personality characteristics are believed to contribute to an entrepreneur’s success? Choose 1 answer A. Status quo obsession B. Risk aversion C. Determination D. Motivation to delegate C 24. Why would an entrepreneurial business choose to use its own resources versus seeking outside resources in financing a business venture? Choose 1 answer A. To go public B. To spread the risk C. To maintain control D. To fuel large growth C 25. Which activity should management use to encourage intrapreneurship within an organization? Choose 1 answer A. Motivate employees by giving extra time off B. Encourage employees to work on informal job assignments C. Provide employees extra training opportunities D. Allow employees to form a union B X 26. What can managers do to encourage useful conflict during a meeting to lessen inhibition about disagreeing and make the conflict less personal? Choose 1 answer A. Involve others in collaboration B. Promote affective conflict C. Provide a devil’s advocate D. Evaluate leadership style X C 27. Why is consideration of intentions important in conflict situations? Choose 1 answer A. People have habitual patterns of response to conflict situations. B. People tend to think before they act in some situations. C. Selfish intentions of people often leads to poor decision making. D. People respond based on their interpretation of others’ intentions. D 28. What describes dimensions of conflict-handling intentions? Choose 1 answer A. Comparativity and associativity B. Cooperativeness and assertiveness C. Collaboration and aggressiveness D. Competitiveness and acquiescence B X 29. A supervisor assigned office space to three new employees. The employees were upset by the offices they were given. The first had a large office but wanted a window, the second had a new computer but wanted room for some plants, and the third had a window but needed high-speed computing to perform the job well. Which conflict resolution technique can the supervisor use to create a win-win solution for these employees? Choose 1 answer A. Expansion of resources B. Problem solving C. Altering the human variables D. Authoritative command X B 30. A corporation is experiencing dysfunction in their work teams. The team leader plans to realign work groups based on employees’ work locations, and also to alter rules and regulations in the groups and make additional changes to â€Å"shake things up a bit. † Which conflict-stimulation technique is the team leader applying? Choose 1 answer A. Knowledge management B. Restructuring the organization C. Avoidance D. Communication B X 31. Which type of control system is being implemented when management uses prices, profit centers, and exchange relationships as a control? Choose 1 answer A. Bureaucratic control B. Market control C. Clan control D. Dynamic control X A 32. What is the fourth step of the control process which ensures that operations are adjusted to achieve planned results? Choose 1 answer A. Setting performance standards B. Taking corrective action C. Comparing performance against standards D. Measuring performance B X 33. A corporation recently disbanded its flex time schedule for employees and now requires that all employees work 9:00 a. m. to 6:00 p. m. Monday through Friday. The employees banded together in opposition of the change. What were the employees of the corporation experiencing? Choose 1 answer A. Apathy B. Peer pressure C. Abilene paradox D. Timing X C X 34. The manager of the human resources department at a corporation agreed to authorize one-hour lunch breaks for all employees of the organization as long as the production manager agreed to shorten the morning and afternoon breaks of all employees to 15 minutes. Which approach were the managers using to enlist cooperation for the change? Choose 1 answer A. Education and communication B. Participation and involvement C. Negotiation and reward D. Facilitation and support X D X 35. A corporation offers concrete incentives such as higher wages for cooperation with change. Which strategy is the corporation using to overcome resistance to change? Choose 1 answer A. Participation and involvement B. Education and communication C. Negotiation and reward D. Facilitation and support X A 36. During a final job interview, the hiring manager asks candidates about age and national origin. Some of the rejected candidates suspect they did not get the job because of their age. Which law covers this type of discrimination? Choose 1 answer A. Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) B. Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) C. Fair Hiring of Employees Act (FHEA) D. Employment Without Boundaries (EWB) A 37. After a major budget increase, a company finds itself in a position to hire 50 new employees. How can strategic human resource planning benefit the company in this situation? Choose 1 answer A. By initiating termination interviews to release unproductive employees B. By coordinating companywide continuing education C. By providing annual reviews of staff performances D. By organizing staffing needs and looking for people with the right skills D 38. In the five dimensions of Hackman and Oldham’s model of job design, what does autonomy describe? Choose 1 answer A. Information about job performance B. Different job activities involving several skills and talents C. Independence and discretion in making decisions D. Important and positive impact on the lives of others C 39. A store that has had a high rate of employee theft wants to use an employee selection technique to hire new employees who are less likely to steal from them. Which type of employee selection instrument is most appropriate in this situation? Choose 1 answer A. Validity test B. Reliability test C. Integrity test D. Personality test C 40. Which entities protect the rights of employees and potential employees from discrimination in the workplace? Choose 1 answer A. Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action B. Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure and Labor Management Relations C. Fair Labor Standards and Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification D. National Labor Relations and Labor Management Relations A X 41. During an international executive meeting, an executive used a word that did not translate into English. What type of cross-cultural communication barrier is this? Choose 1 answer A. Barrier caused by word association B. Barrier caused by tone differences C. Barrier caused by differences among perceptions D. Barrier caused by semantics X C 42. A younger employee becomes irritated by the sound of an older employee’s voice and finds it difficult to work on projects with the older employee. This has caused conflict in the department. What is the source of conflict between the older and younger employees? Choose 1 answer A. Differing values B. Personal variables C. Communication D. Structure B 43. In which situation does religious preference inappropriately affect decision making? Choose 1 answer A. A member of a particular religion starts a business that benefits members of the religion in the area. B. Management provides two religious holidays per year for every employee regardless of religious affiliation. C. A publicly-held company has a policy limiting financial donations to one religious group. D. Management approves a religious endorsement that makes claims the company supports. C X 44. A visually-impaired person has been hired to work in the human resources department of a small company. Which workplace accommodations would be reasonable in this situation? Choose 1 answer A. The company will provide an interpreter for all face-to-face interviews. B. The company will purchase a large computer screen and a Braille keyboard. C. The company will hire a person to read all documents for the visually-impaired person. D. The company will purchase a Braille reader and convert company documents to Braille. X C 45. What is a common component of effective diversity training programs? Choose 1 answer A. Building awareness B. Revealing concerns C. Identifying informal networks D. Completing a skills inventory A X 46. When selecting an organizational structure, which key elements should be considered? Choose 1 answer A. Diversity and dynamics B. Economics and ethics C. Job specification and segmentation D. Differentiation and integration X A 47. What is the best way to succeed in a matrix organizational structure? Choose 1 answer A. Centralized decision making B. Collaboration C. Unity of command D. Top-down communication B 48. What is a reason to create a boundaryless organizational structure? Choose 1 answer A. To make information available as needed B. To limit the amount of collaboration C. To differentiate position titles D. To allow for the delegation of tasks A X 49. Four small, independent organizations, each with its own type of expertise, plan to work together for six months for the sole purpose of developing a new product that will help each of them improve their ability to compete with larger organizations. Which type of organization does their relationship characterize? Choose 1 answer A. Matrix organization B. Functional organization C. Bureaucratic organization D. Virtual organization X B X 50. Which formal structure allows job holders to have broad responsibilities, accommodates decentralized and informal decision making, and values expertise? Choose 1 answer A. Modern B. Flexible C. Organic D. Mechanistic X B 51. One manager is responsible for all functional areas allowing the company to sell Product A, and another manager is responsible for all functional areas that allow the company to sell Product B. Which type of design does this corporation use? Choose 1 answer A. Network B. Horizontal C. Divisional D. Virtual C How to cite Quality Management and Answer A., Essay examples